The Role of Chlorine in Dioxin Formation

Gullett, Brian K.; Sarofim, Adel F.; Smith, Kenneth A.; Procaccini, Carlo

doi:10.1205/095758200530448

Cited by 72 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The dominance of PCDFs over PCDDs also suggests that most formation of PCDD/Fs occurs through de novo synthesis during cement kiln coprocessing of MSWI fly ash, which is in agreement with theoretical assumptions [38]. The positive effect of chloride on PCDD/F formation during waste incineration has been demonstrated in earlier laboratory scale experiments [39][40][41]. In the present study, the content of chloride in the particulate samples was determined according to the Chinese standard method for chemical analysis of cement (GB/T 176-2008) [42].…”

Section: Distributions Of Pcdd/fs In Particulate Samples From Differesupporting

confidence: 86%

Field pilot study on emissions, formations and distributions of PCDD/Fs from cement kiln co-processing fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerations

Liu

Zhan

Zheng

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Distributions Of Pcdd/fs In Particulate Samples From Differesupporting

confidence: 86%

Field pilot study on emissions, formations and distributions of PCDD/Fs from cement kiln co-processing fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerations

Liu

Zhan

Zheng

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Chlorine, for example, has a complicated speciation path (Gullet et al 2000), which in turn has a significant impact on mercury speciation (Niksa and Helble 2001;Senior et al 2002). However, the major impact of SO 2 and chlorine observed on semivolatile metal (i.e., Na and Pb) capture by kaolinite (in the temperature range investigated in this work) has been to change the dew point of the reactive metal species, and thus change the time available for reaction (Mwabe and Wendt 1996;Scotto et al 1992;Davis and Wendt 2000a;Linak et al 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and Models Describing Sodium and Lead Scavenging by a Kaolinite Aerosol at High Temperatures

Gale

Wendt

2003

Aerosol Science and Technology

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High temperature mechanisms of interaction between a dispersed kaolinite aerosol and vaporized sodium and lead were investigated using experimental data obtained from an 18 kW downflow furnace. The validity of using aerosol size fractionation to determine the extent of reaction between metal and substrate was confirmed through a series of specialized tests. The reaction stoichiometries for the Na/kaolinite and Pb/kaolinite systems were found to differ from literature values but were similar to each other. New light was shed on the nature of the reaction products for the Na/kaolinite and Pb/kaolinite systems, and for semivolatile metal/kaolinite sorbent systems in general. Modified reaction mechanisms were developed that accommodate key-observed processes (i.e., both enhancing and inhibitory substrate-melting processes). Rate coefficients for each system were quantitatively determined. Mechanisms are interpreted in the light of known information on the structure and nature of kaolin clay and based on observed phase transformations of the Na/kaolinite and Pb/kaolinite systems. The new models for high temperature Na/kaolinite and Pb/kaolinite interactions compared well to both new and literature data. These models can be used to predict and optimize the scavenging of vaporized sodium and lead by kaolinite mineral particles in fossil fuel-fired systems and waste incinerators.

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“…The effects of chlorine content in waste on the formation mechanisms of polychlorinated pollutants, especially PCDD/Fs, have been studied by different authors [13][14][15]. When chlorine content in waste is less than 0.8-1.1%, chlorine can chlorinate the non-substituted phenol to produce chlorophenols, which are important precursors of PCDDs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, Gullet et al suggested that active chlorine species are strongly dependent on combustion conditions. Therefore, it seems that there is a low correlation between total chlorine (including inorganic) in waste streams and the formation PCDD/Fs during the combustion process [13]. Nevertheless, other authors have pointed out that both organic and inorganic chlorine affects the production of chlorinated compounds [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this way, it was possible to verify whether the presence of thiourea in the sample reduced emissions during the combustion process, as found by other authors. There are studies in the literature where the effect of different inorganic salts has been examined [13,14,[16][17][18], but no reports using plastics or mixtures of plastics have been found.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Sodium Chloride and Thiourea on Pollutant Formation during Combustion of Plastics

2018

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Thermal decomposition of different samples containing a mixture of plastics (polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and nylon) combined with NaCl and metal oxides (Fe 2 O 3 , CuO) was studied under an air atmosphere at 850 • C using a reactor, followed by analysis of the evolved products. Combustion runs were performed to study how the presence of such compounds influences the production of pollutants. Here, we report the analyses of the emissions of the main gases, as well as volatiles and semivolatiles, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated benzenes and phenols, and polybrominated phenols. Results show that the production of chlorinated pollutants did not increase in the presence of NaCl, but the presence of other metals during the decomposition led to the production of a great amount of pollutants. In this regard, the emission of chlorinated phenols increased from 110 to ca. 250 mg/kg when the sample included a small quantity of a transition metal oxide. Additionally, the presence of an inhibitor-thiourea (TUA)-was tested. Results confirm that adding TUA to the sample reduced these emissions to a considerable extent, with the emission of chlorinated phenols amounting to 65 mg/kg.

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The Role of Chlorine in Dioxin Formation

Cited by 72 publications

References 25 publications

Field pilot study on emissions, formations and distributions of PCDD/Fs from cement kiln co-processing fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerations

Field pilot study on emissions, formations and distributions of PCDD/Fs from cement kiln co-processing fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerations

Mechanisms and Models Describing Sodium and Lead Scavenging by a Kaolinite Aerosol at High Temperatures

Effect of Sodium Chloride and Thiourea on Pollutant Formation during Combustion of Plastics

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