“…The reason is that a brand community provides business executives and marketers with long-term benefits in building relationships and intimacy with consumers (Coelho et al, 2018;Luo et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2019). In addition, a brand community also affects building brand loyalty (McAlexander et al, 2002;Novianti & Balqiah, 2023;Schouten et al, 2007;Shukla et al, 2023). Major brands have committed to paying attention to building their brand communities online, such as Harley Davidson, Starbucks, Apple, Loreal, Lego, P&G, and Sony Playstation, which focus on how to use and manage their brand communities through online media (Chavadi et al, 2023) The brand community members' activities on social media include opening brand sites to find information related to products, making comments, sharing photos or experiences, interacting with marketers and other community members, and asking or answering comments from other members (Lin & Wang, 2023).…”