The role of cortisol in amino acid mobilization and metabolism following exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

Milligan, C. Louise

doi:10.1007/bf00004669

Cited by 73 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…After 6 hours of confinement the decrease was followed by an elevation in plasma total amino acid concentration that in LR fish reached significantly higher values than HR, which only returned to pre-stress basal levels. A number of authors have reported an increase in plasma amino acids after exhaustive exercise, handling, or confinement (Morales et al, 1990;Braley and Anderson, 1992;Milligan, 1997;Vijayan et al, 1997). It has been shown that elevated cortisol levels can provoke a net catabolism of peripheral proteins (synthesis is also inhibited) and an elevation of plasma free amino acid levels would be followed by a gluconeogenic removal (van der Boon et al, 1991;Vijayan et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that elevated cortisol levels can provoke a net catabolism of peripheral proteins (synthesis is also inhibited) and an elevation of plasma free amino acid levels would be followed by a gluconeogenic removal (van der Boon et al, 1991;Vijayan et al, 1997). High plasma amino acid levels lead to induction of liver aminotransferases and consequently the participation of these metabolites in hepatic gluconeogenesis (Morales et al, 1990;van der Boon et al, 1991;Milligan, 1997). Several studies have provided evidence that alanine constitutes a good hepatic gluconeogenic precursor in fish (Medale et al, 1987;Braley and Anderson, 1992;Vijayan et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although complex, and not fully defined, the metabolic role of cortisol in fish seems to be significant (see review by Mommsen et al, 1999) and includes the promotion of pathways that increase glucose levels in the blood (Leach and Taylor, 1980;Vijayan et al, 1997;Diouf et al, 2000). Therefore, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in which metabolites such as amino acids (Milligan, 1997) and lactate (Young andCech, 1993, 1994) are used as substrates, are activated during stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Trenzado

Carrick

Pottinger

2003

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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Abstract. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of two lines selected for low (LR) and high (HR) cortisol stress-responsiveness were subjected to confinement for a period of 336 hours.Endocrine (plasma cortisol, hepatic cortisol binding) and metabolic (plasma glucose, lactate, amino acids; hepatic glycogen and alanine aminotransferase levels) indices of stress were measured at intervals in confined and unconfined fish of both lines. During confinement plasma cortisol concentration reached maximum values earlier in HR fish (2 hours) than in LR fish (6 hours) returning to control values within 336 hours in both lines. Paradoxically, although both HR and LR lines displayed a characteristic metabolic stress response, these changes were more pronounced in LR fish. Plasma glucose and lactate levels increased during confinement in both lines but to a significantly greater extent in LR fish. Confinement significantly elevated plasma amino acids to a greater extent in LR fish than in HR fish. Liver glycogen concentration was depleted most rapidly in LR fish but was significantly higher in confined fish of both lines than controls at the end of the experiment. No significant changes were observed in hepatic alanine aminotransferase activity during confinement. Confined fish of both lines displayed a decrease in hepatic cortisol receptor abundance within 24 h and this was more sustained in HR fish. The more pronounced disturbance of a broad range of indicators of stress in confined LR fish, compared to HR fish, throws doubt on the magnitude of the cortisol response being the primary driver of these differences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Trenzado

Carrick

Pottinger

2003

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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show abstract

“…Mommsen (51) suggested that the spawninginduced salmon muscle degenerative mechanisms involve glucocorticoids. Fish spawning (11,38), and intense exercise (49) increase activity of the pituitary-interrenal axis, increasing cortisol availability. This observation suggests that altered gene expression of glycolytic pathway enzymes may be subsequent to insulin resistance caused by prolonged partial anorexia or as a downstream effect of elevated levels of adrenal glucocorticoids.…”

Section: Genes Involved In Glucose Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microarray gene expression analysis in atrophying rainbow trout muscle: a unique nonmammalian muscle degradation model

Salem

Kenney

Rexroad

et al. 2006

Physiological Genomics

115

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Salem M, Kenney PB, Rexroad CE 3rd, Yao J. Microarray gene expression analysis in atrophying rainbow trout muscle: a unique nonmammalian muscle degradation model. Physiol Genomics 28: 33-45, 2006. First published August 1, 2006; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00114.2006.-Muscle atrophy is a physiological response to diverse physiological and pathological conditions that trigger muscle deterioration through specific cellular mechanisms. Despite different signals, the biochemical changes in atrophying muscle share many common cascades. Muscle deterioration as a physiological response to the energetic demands of fish vitellogenesis represents a unique model for studying the mechanisms of muscle degradation in non-mammalian animals. A salmonid microarray, containing 16,006 cDNAs, was used to study the transcriptome response to atrophy of fast-switch muscles from gravid rainbow trout compared with sterile fish. Eighty-two unique transcripts were upregulated and 120 transcripts were downregulated in atrophying muscles. Transcripts having gene ontology identifiers were grouped according to their functions. Muscle deterioration was associated with elevated expression of genes involved in the catheptic and collagenase proteolytic pathways; the aerobic production, buffering, and utilization of ATP; and growth arrest; whereas atrophying muscle showed downregulation of genes encoding a serine proteinase inhibitor, enzymes of anaerobic respiration, muscle proteins as well as genes required for RNA and protein biosynthesis/processing. Therefore, gene transcription of the trout muscle atrophy changed in a manner similar to mammalian muscle atrophy. These changes result in an arrest of normal cell growth, protein degradation, and decreased glycolytic cellular respiration that is characteristic of the fast-switch muscle. For the first time, other changes/mechanisms unique to fish were discussed including genes associated with muscle atrophy. atrophy; Oncorhynchus mykiss SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL and pathological conditions can cause muscle atrophy by triggering unique responses through distinct cellular stimuli. Transcriptional mechanisms of muscle wastage are well characterized at the transcriptome level in mammalian models as a response to nutritional restriction (7), fasting, severe diseases, including cancer, renal failure, diabetes (41, 42), and sepsis (42), as well as muscle disuse or denervation (4, 57). Some studies have dealt with fish muscle atrophy at the level of individual genes/mechanisms (46, 51, 58, 60 -62). The molecular basis of mammalian muscle atrophy has received considerable attention in the literature (25,30). Losing muscle mass results from elevated rate of proteolysis and decreased rate of protein synthesis. Despite the significant amount of literature (30,32,42), the specific roles of the proteolytic systems in degrading mammalian muscle still are unclear. Moreover, we recently showed that fish use different muscle degrading proteolytic strategies compared with mammals (58). The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway,...

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“…after exercise and lasted for several hours15. Both of these hormones are closely related to the metabolic regulation of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and lipids after exercise, and the mechanism of the regulation is related to the hormone receptors [15][16][17].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Mechanism and Application of Fish Exercise Training in Aquaculture

Zeng¹,

X²,

Lingyun³

et al. 2017

J Fisheries Livest Prod

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The role of cortisol in amino acid mobilization and metabolism following exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

Cited by 73 publications

References 29 publications

Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Microarray gene expression analysis in atrophying rainbow trout muscle: a unique nonmammalian muscle degradation model

Physiological Mechanism and Application of Fish Exercise Training in Aquaculture

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