The role of crop density, seed and aphid presence in diversification of field communities of Carabidae (Coleoptera)

Honěk, Alois; Jaros̆ı́k, Vojtĕch

doi:10.14411/eje.2000.080

Cited by 65 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The relative sensitivity of predators, omnivores, and herbivores may also reflect differences in resource availability between rural and urban forests and may indicate that trophic processes are frequentv www.esajournals.org ly disrupted in cities (Faeth et al 2005). For example, weed seed availability is a good predictor of the distribution of herbivorous carabids in agricultural fields (Honěk andJarošík 2000, Saska 2004), and urban forests may have more weedy plants than do rural forests by nature of increased light penetration, disturbance, proximity of vacant lots, and the establishment of alien species (Crowe 1979, Pyšek 1998, Kent et al 1999, Duguay et al 2007, Luck and Smallbone 2010. Omnivores might be expected to exhibit little change in abundance along urbanization gradients due to their presumably more flexible feeding habits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta‐analysis of the effects of urbanization on ground beetle communities

Martinson

Raupp

2013

Ecosphere

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Abstract. Urbanization is one of the most disruptive forms of land use, and its effects on ecological communities are likely to increase as the human population continues to shift from rural to urban living. Whether the myriad changes encompassed by urbanization (e.g., habitat fragmentation, the urban heat island effect, disturbance) affect biological communities in predictable ways remains unresolved. In this study, we employed meta-analysis to quantify the overall effects of urbanization on ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), an ecologically diverse and important group that has been relatively well-studied in cities. We calculated effect sizes for carabid species richness, the total abundance of beetles at a site (assemblage abundance), and the abundances of individual species at urban compared to rural forested sites. We found that the number of carabid species in cities was only 77.6% that of corresponding rural sites, whereas assemblage abundance was relatively consistent between rural and urban sites. Such assemblage-level patterns resulted from the loss of certain species from urban sites and the increase in abundance of others. We hypothesized that differences among species would be largely attributable to their ecological traits (body size, habitat affinity, dispersal ability, trophic position). Through model selection based on information theoretic measures, we found support for the importance of the simple and interactive effects of beetle size, habitat affinity, and trophic position, with the most negative effect sizes for large, forest-specialist beetles that were predatory or omnivorous. Although species traits were key to understanding variation in species abundance effect sizes, several remaining sources of variation in carabid beetle responses to urbanization remain. Specifically, although many species exhibited consistent responses across the studies in which they were sampled and might therefore be considered urban avoiders or urban exploiters, many others were either relatively insensitive to the urbanization gradients or exhibited widely disparate responses across studies. Furthermore, we were unable to attribute variation in species richness and assemblage abundance effect sizes to available measures such as city size and study duration. Instead, additional mechanistic studies across the urbanization gradient will be necessary to understand such variation among studies and for species exhibiting variable responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta‐analysis of the effects of urbanization on ground beetle communities

Martinson

Raupp

2013

Ecosphere

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“…Reduced weed densities established by weed removal negatively affected grounddwelling arthropod predators in a soybean field (Balfour and Rypstra 1998), whereas increased weediness enhanced the activity density of the most common carabid species in a manipulative experiment in a maize field (Hough- Goldstein et al 2004). The complex effects of structural properties and weed-associated food resources on natural enemies were emphasized by Honek and Jarosik (2000). In their study, carabid populations in agricultural fields were primarily affected by the density of crop stands, the presence of aphids and seeds of crops and weeds on the ground.…”

Section: Carabid Activity Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Arable weeds in organically managed wheat fields foster carabid beetles by resource- and structure-mediated effects

Diehl

Wolters

Birkhofer

2011

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

102

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Arable weeds in organically managed fields may foster arthropod generalist predators by the provision of shelter and favorable microclimate (structure-mediated effects) and the provision of additional animal and floral food resources (resource-mediated effects). In three organically managed winter wheat fields in Central Germany, we investigated the impact of weed removal and introduction of artificial weed-like structure on the activity density and species richness of carabid beetles with respect to trophic groups, microclimatic conditions, and densities of potential prey. Removal of weeds reduced both carabid activity density and species richness but did not affect trophic group composition. The decline in carabid activity density was dampened by the addition of artificial structure. Mean daily surface temperature and light intensity were significantly lower under weeds and artificial plants than under wheat plants alone. Weed removal reduced the abundance of leafhoppers and true bugs, but the response was inconsistent across fields. We conclude that the presence of arable weeds in organically managed wheat fields fosters carabid activity density and species richness via resource-mediated effects, such as a higher availability of weed-borne resources (e.g. seeds and pollen) and herbivorous prey. Structure-mediated effects (altering the microclimate) add to this positive effect. The presence of weeds in organically managed wheat fields enhances carabid activity density and diversity and needs to be integrated into future management strategies for natural enemy conservation.

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“…Additionally, many species even cache seeds underground and may live on them for some time (Schremmer, 1960;Manley, 1971). The importance of plant seeds as a food is indicated by their attractiveness to carabids, which aggregate where seeds are abundant (Kokta, 1988;Kromp, 1990;Honek & Jarosik, 2000;Honek & Martinkova, 2001;Volkmar et al, 2001). When searching for seed, adult beetles are known to climb plants, particularly grasses and umbellifers (Hurka, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground beetles (Carabidae) as seed predators

Honěk¹,

Martinková²,

2003

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Abstract. The consumption and preferences of polyphagous ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) for the seeds of herbaceous plants was determined. The seeds were stuck into plasticine in small tin trays and exposed to beetle predation on surface of the ground. In the laboratory the effect of carabid (species, satiation) and seed (species, size) on the intensity of seed predation was investigated. The consumption of the generally preferred Cirsium arvense seed by 23 species of common carabids increased with body size. Seed of Capsella bursa-pastoris was preferred by small carabids and their consumption rates were not related to their size. The average daily consumption of all the carabid species tested (0.33 mg seeds . mg body mass-1 . day-1) was essentially the same for both kinds of seed. Because of satiation the consumption of seed of C. arvense provided ad libitum to Pseudoophonus rufipes decreased over a period of 9 days to 1/3-1/4 of the initial consumption rate. Preferences of P. rufipes (body mass 29.6 mg) and Harpalus afifiinis (13.4 mg) for the seeds of 64 species of herbaceous plants were determined. The small H. afifiinis preferred smaller seed than the large P. rufipes. Predation of seed present on the ground in the field was studied in 1999-2000, at PrahaRuzyne (50°06' N 14°16'E). Seeds were placed in stands of different crops as in the laboratory experiments and vertebrate predation was excluded by wire mesh cages. Pitfall traps placed near the cages revealed that carabids were the only seed predators active in the area. Rates of removal of seed of 6 weed species varied with crop, season, seed and site. Average rate of removal in June-August was 2.5 seeds.day-1.tray-1 and was smaller before and after this period. The rates of removal increased with increasing activity den sity of the carabids and paucity of seed from naturally occurring weeds, which may have satiated the carabids. In stands of winter wheat, millet and soybeans there were significant differences in the rates of removal of the seed of 43 herbaceous species. The field preferences were correlated with those established in the laboratory. Predation of seed on the ground in arable fields can be as high as 1000 seeds.m-2.day-1 and may selectively influence the quantity of seed of particular herb species that enters the soil seed bank. Seed predation thus may be an effective component of weed control on arable land, particularly at low weed densities.

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The role of crop density, seed and aphid presence in diversification of field communities of Carabidae (Coleoptera)

Cited by 65 publications

References 24 publications

A meta‐analysis of the effects of urbanization on ground beetle communities

A meta‐analysis of the effects of urbanization on ground beetle communities

Arable weeds in organically managed wheat fields foster carabid beetles by resource- and structure-mediated effects

Ground beetles (Carabidae) as seed predators

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