“…Finns show positive attitude to products with promoting health claims and experience emotions having positive outcomes (Grunert et al, 2009;Luomala et al, 2015), whereas the characteristics of Pakistanis are relatively obligatory, show status or power distance, group orientation, and hierarchy (Sivadas et al, 2008), which shows their VC cultural orientations (Imam, 2013). Moreover, Pakistanis have also been characterised as prevention focused consumers (Ashraf et al, 2016). Therefore, it is hypothesised that: H1a There is a positive influence of HI on consumers' promotion-focused orientations but (H1b) a negative influence, or no influence, on their prevention focus in Finland.…”