BACKGROUND: To investigate the value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS), in endometrial cancer with transperitoneal spread (stage IV). METHODS: Patients with endometrial cancer with transperitoneal spread, as determined by laparoscopy ( ± pleural effusion), were treated with NACT. Efficacy was determined according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, residual tumour at IDS and histopathological assessment of tumour regression. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients (median age: 65 years; range:44 -81 years) received 3 -4 cycles of NACT (83% paclitaxel/carboplatin). Histopathological subtypes were as follows: serous (90%), clear cell (3%) and endometrioid (6%) carcinoma. Response according to RECIST was as follows: 2 (7%) complete remission, 20 (67%) partial remission, 6 (20%) stable disease and 2 (7%) progressive disease (PD). Patients with PD were not operated upon. A total of 24 patients (80%) had optimal cytoreduction (R p1 cm), of whom 22 (92%) were without residual tumour. Four patients were considered inoperable and were excluded from further analysis. The median progression-free survival and overall survival times were 13 and 23 months, respectively. Histopathological features of chemoresponse in both uterus and omentum were related to a better PFS (P ¼ 0.017, hazard ratio (HR) ¼ 0.785) and overall survival (P ¼ 0.014, HR ¼ 0.707). In particular, the absence of tumour infiltration and necrosis were associated with prognosis. CONCLUSION: The use of NACT resulted in a high rate (80%) of optimal IDS for the treatment of endometrial cancer with transperitoneal spread.