The role of diaspora entrepreneurs in start-up ecosystem development - a Berlin case study

Cross-Country Differences in Entrepreneurial Internationalization Tendencies: Evidence from Germany and Pakistan

“…In case of risk-taking we found that entrepreneurs based in Germany show higher levels than their fellows in Pakistan. This may be related to the stable institutional environment that Germany offers for entrepreneurial ventures (Baron and Harima 2019;Sternberg et al 2018). The higher levels of institutional support and social security German entrepreneurs enjoy could mean that they can afford to take more risks.…”

“…Despite having lower international knowledge through travel and contact with people abroad, Pakistani entrepreneurs exhibit higher levels of international behavior. While Germans enjoy being part of the eurozone and the privileges of visa-free travel and frequent contact to neighboring countries, Berlin's entrepreneurial ecosystem is additionally shaped by an international environment due to a high number of migrants (Baron and Harima 2019). However, German entrepreneurs mainly focus on the national market and perform poorly in the cross-country comparison of their internationalization tendencies (Sternberg et al 2018).…”

Is this Transnational Entrepreneurship? Five Cases in Which It Is Hard to Say ‘Yes’ or ‘No’

“…Compared to the literature on international entrepreneurship, a competitive advantage does not play such an explicit role in scholarly discussions on transnational entrepreneurship. Instead, scholars argued that transnational entrepreneurs are contributors to the economy of their home and host countries (Drori et al, 2009; Veréb & Ferreira, 2017), resource transferors who mobilize knowledge, experience, networks and financial assets between countries (Henn, 2013; Saxenian, 2005; Terjesen & Elam, 2009) and institutional development agents of their home and host countries (Baron & Harima, 2019; Fraiberg, 2017; Riddle & Brinkerhoff, 2011).…”

“…The last assumption deals with the personal backgrounds and qualifications of transnational entrepreneurs. Qualification does not necessarily relate to formal academic degrees, but there seemed to be a consensus in the literature that transnational entrepreneurs are skilled people (Baron & Harima, 2019; Saxenian, 2005). This assumption also indicated that scholars consider transnational entrepreneurial activities as opportunity-driven, unlike ethnic or immigrant entrepreneurship, which was often associated with necessity entrepreneurship.…”

“…More recently, business scholars have started an investigation on this phenomenon by paying particular attention to business mechanisms and immigrants as distinctive types of entrepreneurial agents (Chaganti & Greene, 2002; Constant & Zimmermann, 2006; Hammarstedt, 2001; Wright, Liu, Buck, & Filatotchev, 2008). Scholars have labelled their economic activities by calling it ‘ethnic entrepreneurship’ (Kariv, Menzies, Brenner, & Filion, 2009; Koning & Verver, 2013), ‘immigrant entrepreneurship’ (Moyo, 2014; Rath & Kloosterman, 2000), ‘returnee entrepreneurship’ (Kenney, Breznitz, & Murphree, 2013; Phuong, Mayer, Theohavora, Harima, & Freiling, 2019) and ‘diaspora entrepreneurship’ (Baron & Harima, 2019; Elo et al, 2018; Riddle & Brinkerhoff, 2011). Each concept focusses on a certain aspect of migrants’ entrepreneurial activities.…”