The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating condition of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by immune-mediated damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a significant role. Unfortunately, the knowledge of therapeutic modalities in MS remains very limited, necessitating the need for novel therapeutic strategies. In the previous decade, there has been an influx of studies on the gut microbiome and its link to various neurological conditions, including MS. Various diets may have favorable effects on the gut microflora and may significantly alter the progression and outcomes of MS. Thus, identifying the merits of various diets and modulating them according to the specific nutritional requirements of MS patients can go a long way toward slowing the progression of the disease. Nutritional interventions and the use of the gut microbiome as diagnostic and therapeutic modalities open a host of new possibilities regarding the disease. In this review, we investigate the role of diet and the gut microbiome in the progression of MS. The functions of the gut-brain axis, antioxidants, vitamins, obesity, and various diets are also covered in this article.

Association between sphingomyelin levels and gut microbiota abundance: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

“…The majority of previous studies are case-control studies, and it was challenging to ascertain both the exposure and outcome. Furthermore, it should be considered that in prospective studies, the association between sphingomyelin abundance and the gut microbiota abundance could be in uenced by several confounding variables, including age, environment, dietary habits and lifestyle [14,15] , and given that these factors are di cult to control for in observational studies, their effect on the association needs to be considered. Therefore, causal inference between sphingomyelin and gut microbiota abundance is limited.…”

A Review of Current Literature on Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Its Pathogenesis, Clinical Management, and Treatment

“…al. [2] 2022 Review Similar to severe ophthalmic ictus, CRAO too is an ophthalmic emergency. Yet, presently, no therapy that guidelines have approved is available.…”

“…Despite being comparable to the severity of brain stroke, there is presently no evidence for therapy that guidelines have approved. The "standard" therapies still used today include methylprednisolone, intravenous (IV) acetazolamide, mannitol, systemic pentoxifylline, sublingual isosorbide dinitrate, hyperbaric oxygen (O 2 ) therapy, anterior chamber paracentesis, globe compression, and ocular massage [ 2 ].…”

Dietary Polyphenols, Microbiome, and Multiple Sclerosis: From Molecular Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Mechanisms to Clinical Evidence

“…Furthermore, the diet is made of many components ingested together, so there are likely significant interactions. Peculiar dietary patterns may influence the activity and progression of MS differently [ 18 , 22 ]. In fact, Noormohammadi M. et al showed that adhering to the MIND diet (Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) may be an effective strategy for MS prevention: according to research, the polyphenols found in vegetables and beans may inhibit the production of proinflammatory factors, so the use of plant-based meals and the reduction of animal-derived or high-saturated fat foods consumption is encouraged [ 23 ].…”