The role of different directions of attention on the extent of implicit perception in soccer penalty kicking

Abstract

General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

Goal Side Selection of Penalty Shots in Soccer: A Laboratory Study and Analyses of Men’s World Cup Shoot-Outs

“…In Study I, the monotonic increase in left goal side selections with small changes in the position of the goalkeeper from left to right of central, conforms to studies of the off-center effect in soccer in which participants have been found to choose the goal side with the greater area to the side of the goalkeeper (Masters et al, 2007;Memmert et al, 2020;No€ el et al, 2016;No€ el, van der Kamp, Weigelt, et al, 2015;. In line with studies of the off-center effect in soccer, in which participants have mostly been young men or women aged in their early twenties, and in which no sex differences in goal-side selection have been previously reported (Memmert et al, 2020 , Study 1 shows no predictive value of including sex (male, female) in our regression model. In line with studies of the Landmark task (G€ okaydin et al, 2017;M€ arker et al, 2019;McCourt & Olafson, 1997;Toraldo et al, 2004), the estimated PSE, from our logistic regression model, was located just to the left of true center, which cannot simply be attributed to response bias: our analysis shows no predictive value of including our manipulation of response assignment in the regression model.…”

“…Nonetheless, participants kicked the ball regardless of small displacements of the goalkeeper, and they kicked the ball to the goal side with the largest area at above chance levels for differences in areas between ±1.6% and ±3%. This off-center effect has subsequently been found for penalty kicks taken against photo realistic images of a soccer goal and goalkeeper, and in trials with regular soccer players on adult sized soccer pitches (Memmert et al., 2020; Noël et al., 2016; Noël, van der Kamp, & Memmert, 2015; Noël, van der Kamp, Weigelt, et al., 2015; Weigelt & Memmert, 2012; Weigelt et al., 2012). Consequently, the off-center effect appears to be a reasonably stable phenomenon that occurs both on and off the soccer pitch.…”

“…When asked to position a goalkeeper in the center of the goalmouth, from a viewing distance behind the penalty spot, participants were found to place the goalkeeper just to the right of center on most (62%) trials, and in the true veridical center of the goal on very few trials (< 3%) or not all (No€ el, van der No€ el, van der Kamp, Weigelt, et al, 2015). Moreover, No€ el, van der Kamp, Weigelt, et al (2015) found a small tendency for kickers to place the ball to the left of the goal midline, but other studies (Memmert et al, 2020; have shown a small tendency for participants to make more kicks to the right, as compared to left, goal side area.…”

“…The work reported in this article concerns goal side selection of penalty shots in a laboratory soccer experiment and in men’s FIFA World Cup matches. Inspiration for this work derives from studies of the so-called ‘off-center’ effect in penalty kick scenarios – the tendency for penalty kickers to place the ball to the goal side with the greater area to the side of the goalkeeper, when the goalkeeper stands marginally off-center (Masters et al., 2007; Memmert et al., 2020; Noël et al., 2016; Noël, van der Kamp, & Memmert, 2015; Noël, van der Kamp, Weigelt, et al., 2015; Weigelt & Memmert, 2012; Weigelt et al., 2012). Here, an aim was to extend understanding of penalty kickers’ goal side selection in soccer by further examination of the influence of the goalkeeper’s position and by simultaneous examination of the initial starting, and hence viewing position of the kicker.…”

“…In soccer related tasks, in which participants have selected the goal side with the greatest area, the proportion of kicks to the goal side with the greatest area has been found to increase monotonically as the area to the side of the goalkeeper is increased (Masters et al., 2007; Memmert et al., 2020; Weigelt & Memmert, 2012; Weigelt et al., 2012). Penalty kickers (soccer players and soccer novices alike) have also been found to misjudge the central position of a goalkeeper (Masters et al., 2007; Memmert et al., 2020; Noël et al., 2016; Noël, van der Kamp, & Memmert, 2015; Noël, van der Kamp, Weigelt, et al., 2015; Weigelt & Memmert, 2012; Weigelt et al., 2012).…”