The role of EBV-encoded miRNA in EBV-associated gastric cancer

Abstract

Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4, EBV) is a linear double-stranded DNA virus that infects over 90% of the population worldwide. However, our understanding of EBV’s contribution to tumorigenesis of EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC) remains incomplete. Recent advancements in EBVaGC research have highlighted that EBV-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) play prominent roles in critical cellular processes such as migration, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell proliferation, immune response, and autophagy. Notably, the largest group of EBV-encoded miRNAs, known as BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs), exhibit bidirectional effects in EBVaGC. For instance, they present both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic functions and enhance chemosensitivity while also conferring resistance to 5-fluorouracil. Despite these findings, the comprehensive mechanisms through which miRNAs contribute to EBVaGC are yet to be fully elucidated. In this work, we summarize the current evidence of the roles of miRNA in EBVaGC, particularly with the application of multi-omic techniques. Additionally, we discuss the application of miRNA in EBVaGC in retrospective analyses and provide novel perspectives on the use of miRNA in EBVaGC in translational medicine.

Novel plasma microRNA expression features in diagnostic use for Epstein-Barr virus-associated febrile diseases

“…In this regard, EBV-miR-BART2-3p may be participating in the inhibition of autophagy. Recent research suggests that the combination of the EBV-BART2-3p with the ULK1 may block the revitalization of the ULK1 from the influence of the AMPK protein [ 54 ]. Changes in the expression of this miRNA could potentially lead to excessive proliferation of immune cells, disrupting the immune system and worsening EBV infections, which may increase the risk of febrile diseases caused by EBV.…”

Epigenetic Mechanisms in Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Associated Cancers

“…There is not much discernible distinction to be made that allows specific host–virus interactions to be considered as those promoting tumorigenesis or promoting the demarcation of epigenetic hallmarks observed in EBVaGC, although research with miRNAs has shown modulation of specific cellular processes that eventually contribute to tumorigenesis. For example, EBV miRNAs have confirmed roles in modulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [ 152 ], upregulating E-cadherin expression [ 153 ], binding to cell cycle factors [ 154 ], inhibiting pro-apoptosis proteins [ 155 ], promoting malignant cell transformation [ 155 ], and controlling the movement of killer immune cells into the tumor microenvironment by controlling the senescence-altering sensory phenotypes [ 156 ]. Independent events within these processes and their modulation by EBV miRNAs can promote tumorigenesis, although further research is needed to understand the extent to which EBV interferes in these processes and promotes tumorigenesis.…”