The Role of Eco-Friendly Soil Amendments Co-Application on the Performance of Lingrain (Linum Usitatissimum L.) Under Late-Season Irrigation Limitation

Abstract

This study's main purpose was to investigate the probable amelioration of limited irrigation conditions by soil amendments for lingrain plants. The experiment was accomplished as a completely randomized factorial design along with three replications. The first factor was green manure (without (Gc) and with Trifolium pratense (Gr)), the second factor consisted of Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhiza (Fm), vermicompost (Fv), both of mycorrhiza and vermicompost (Fm+v) and none of them (Fc), and also the third factor was irrigation regime (full irrigation and late-season water limitation). Green manure, vermicompost and mycorrhiza single-use enhanced the plant performance under water limitation conditions in comparison with the control. However, in the presence of vermicompost, along with green manure or mycorrhiza developed a positive synergistic effect on most of the traits. Combining green manure with the dual fertilizer (Fm+v) resulted in the vermicompost and mycorrhiza synergistic effects, especially under limited irrigation. Consequently, the triple fertilizer (Gr×Fm+v) experienced the highest amount of LRWC, root colonization, leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, antioxidant enzymes activity, grain yield and oil yield, which would lead to more resistance of plants to limited irrigation conditions.

Investigating the effect of environmental factors on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Colonization

“…Their research demonstrated a variety of significant advancements in plant variables. A notable observation was the elevation of leaf moisture content [16]. This indicates that a synergistic treatment augmented the plant's capacity for water retention, which is vital for its overall well-being.…”

“…This indicates that the mutually beneficial association between mycorrhiza and roots was fortified, resulting in improved nutrient assimilation. Apart from root colonization, Lingrain plants treated with the consortium demonstrated elevated nitrogen levels [16]. Nitrogen is a crucial nutrient for plant growth and development, implying that the combined treatment promoted enhanced nutrient availability for the plants.…”

“…The study also discovered that Lingrain plants treated with all three elements exhibited enhanced levels of carotenoids. According to [16], the fusion treatment augmented the nutritional worth of these crops. Besides a rise in carotenoids, the merged treatment also led to elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes in the plants.…”

“…The most notable result of this exploration was the increase in grain and oil yield. The researchers [16] determined a significant increase in both parameters by combining mycorrhiza, vermicompost, and green fertilizer. This result carries substantial implications for agricultural techniques, proposing a possible means to enhance crop yield.…”

“…Organic matter Increase the diversity of AMF microorganisms [14] Augment the colonization of AM fungi [15] Elevate levels of root AMF colonization [16] Soil pollutants Lowers the efficacy of mycorrhizal fungi [17] Soil pH AMF increases Chia plant chemical composition in alkaline soil [18] AMF colonization is elevated at pH 5.8 [19] Acidity negatively affects AMF colonization [20] Temperature Temperature affects AMF regardless of the host plant [21] Low temperatures enhance nutrient uptake by AMF [22] High temperature reduced colonization rates of AMF [23] Light Low red-to-far-red light ratios inhibit AMF induction of defense genes [24] Limited light reduces the efficacy of AMF [25] Increased light levels increases robust AMF symbiotic relationships [26] This knowledge could be applied to construct strategies for bioremediation and ecosystem restoration. In addition, it is vital to understand how different pollutants impact AMF functionality to predict their ecological consequences over time.…”