The Role of Effort in the Perception of Distance

Proffítt, Dennis R.; Banton, Thomas; Steve, Jeanine k.; Epstein, William L.

doi:10.1037/e501882009-551

Cited by 24 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…There is growing evidence in support of how embodied constraints scale perception and how effort seems to play a key role in this ( Gibson, 1979;Witt, Proffitt, & Epstein, 2010). For example, effort required for walking influences distance estimation ( Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, & Epstein, 2003;Rieser, Pick, Ashmead, & Garing, 1995), and the physiological potential of an observer (including level of fatigue) affects the judgments of hill slant ( Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999; but see Shaffer & Flint, 2011). It has also been shown that effort required to solve a foraging task alters the pattern of search behavior ( Gilchrist, North, & Hood, 2001).…”

Section: Conflict Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of slope and feature cues in pigeon (Columba livia) goal-searching behavior.

Nardi¹,

Mauch²,

Klimas³

et al. 2012

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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Terrain slope provides a directional frame of reference for reorientation and navigation, similar to cardinal directions. Previous studies have shown that, in a goal location task, slope is a very salient cue and that pigeons tend to rely on it even if it is not the most informative cue. Such a strong dependence on one type of information, when there are more effective predictors of reward, is a key premise for a modular view of information processing. Here we tested the provocative hypothesis of a “slope module” for reorientation in slanted environments. Pigeons had to solve a goal location task using slope or another, theoretically salient cue: a beacon feature. Overall, searching behavior was controlled almost equally by the two cues. The fact that, for the first time, slope failed to capture most of the associative strength allows us to reject a strong modularity view and suggests instead that there is competition between cues based on salience. As an interesting additional finding, the reliance on slope and the feature was affected by training location (uphill vs. downhill), suggesting the possibility of a modulatory role of effort on the cue-weighting mechanism of reorientation.

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Section: Conflict Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of slope and feature cues in pigeon (Columba livia) goal-searching behavior.

Nardi¹,

Mauch²,

Klimas³

et al. 2012

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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“…In particular, Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, and Epstein (2003) reported that wearing a heavy backpack caused verbal reports of distance to increase. We conducted a study to determine whether three responses dependent on perceived distance (verbal report of distance, blind walking, and estimates of object size) are influenced by the backpack manipulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two experiments reported here were intended first to replicate the effect of the backpack manipulation on verbal reports of distance, as reported by Proffitt et al (2003), and then to determine whether two additional responses dependent upon perceived distance are similarly affected. Unfortunately, we were unable to replicate the basic effect of the backpack manipulation on any of the three responses, which leaves moot the question of whether the backpack manipulation indeed modifies perceived egocentric distance, as assessed using converging measures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the backpack condition, participants viewed targets under full cue viewing conditions while wearing by a backpack and then made the three responses while wearing the backpack. This condition is essentially a replication of the experiment by Proffitt et al (2003), except for the addition of the size judgments and blind walking task. Based on the work of Proffitt et al, the backpack manipulation was expected to produce increases in perceived distance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiment 1 used a between-participants design to assess the effect of the backpack manipulation, following closely the design of Proffitt et al (2003). There were two experimental manipulations.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Does Energy Expenditure Affect the Perception of Egocentric Distance? A Failure to Replicate Experiment 1 of Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, and Epstein (2003)

Hutchison

Loomis

2006

Span. J. Psychol.

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In a series of recent studies, Proffitt and his colleagues have reported that the perceived distance to a target is influenced by the energy expenditure associated with any action, such as walking or throwing, for spanning the distance to the target. In particular, Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, and Epstein (2003) reported that wearing a heavy backpack caused verbal reports of distance to increase. We conducted a study to determine whether three responses dependent on perceived distance (verbal report of distance, blind walking, and estimates of object size) are influenced by the backpack manipulation. In two experiments, one involving a between-participants design and the other involving a within-participants design, we found that none of the three responses were influenced by the wearing of a heavy backpack. Keywords: distance perception, energy expenditureEn una serie reciente de trabajos, Proffitt y sus colegas informaron de que la distancia a la que se percibe una estimulación diana se ve afectada por el gasto de energía asociado a la realización de cualquier acción, como andar o lanzar un objeto, que pueda realizarse para cubrir la distancia hasta la estimulación diana. Concretamente, Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton y Epstein (2003) afirmaron que llevar una mochila pesada hizo que se incrementasen los informes verbales sobre la distancia. Realizamos un estudio para verificar si tres respuestas que dependen de la distancia percibida (informe verbal de distancia, andar a ciegas y estimaciones del tamaño de un objeto) son afectadas por el uso de la mochila. En dos experimentos, uno con un diseño inter-participantes y el otro con un diseño intra-participantes, encontramos que ninguna de las tres respuestas era afectada por llevar una mochila pesada. Palabras clave: percepción de la distancia, gasto de energía

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Affective stimulus properties influence size perception and the Ebbinghaus illusion

Ulzen

Semin

Oudejans

et al. 2007

Psychological Research

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In the New Look literature of the 1950s, it has been suggested that size judgments are dependent on the aVective content of stimuli. This suggestion, however, has been 'discredited' due to contradictory Wndings and methodological problems. In the present study, we revisited this forgotten issue in two experiments. The Wrst experiment investigated the inXuence of aVective content on size perception by examining judgments of the size of target circles with and without aVectively loaded (i.e., positive, neutral, and negative) pictures. Circles with a picture were estimated to be smaller than circles without a picture, and circles with a negative picture were estimated to be larger than circles with a positive or a neutral picture conWrming the suggestion from the 1950s that size perception is inXuenced by aVective content, an eVect notably conWned to negatively loaded stimuli. In a second experiment, we examined whether aVective content inXuenced the Ebbinghaus illusion. Participants judged the size of a target circle whereby target and Xanker circles diVered in aVective loading. The results replicated the Wrst experiment. Additionally, the Ebbinghaus illusion was shown to be weakest for a negatively loaded target with positively loaded and blank Xankers. A plausible explanation for both sets of experimental Wndings is that negatively loaded stimuli are more attention demanding than positively loaded or neutral stimuli.

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The Role of Effort in the Perception of Distance

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Use of slope and feature cues in pigeon (Columba livia) goal-searching behavior.

Use of slope and feature cues in pigeon (Columba livia) goal-searching behavior.

Does Energy Expenditure Affect the Perception of Egocentric Distance? A Failure to Replicate Experiment 1 of Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, and Epstein (2003)

Affective stimulus properties influence size perception and the Ebbinghaus illusion

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