“…There were 14 early failures and 24 late failures, and the primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates at 5 years were 48%, 58%, and 62.5% and at 10 years were 43%, 52.1%, and 56.3%, respectively. Other treatments that have been attempted include bosentan, 84 spinal cord stimulation, 85 and intermittent pneumatic compression. 86 In a pilot study, vascular endothelial growth factor was injected intramuscularly into 7 limbs of patients with critical limb ischemia who also fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for TAO, resulting in ulcer healing in 5 and resolution of rest pain in 2.…”