The role of Estonian teachers in the social mediation of children’s internet use

Abstract

AnnotatsioonÕpetajatel on oluline roll laste ettevalmistamisel internetimaailmas toimetulekuks. Artiklis analüüsitakse Eesti õpetajate tegevust 9-16aastaste laste internetikasutuse sotsiaalses vahendamises, mille mõõtmiseks kasutati kaheksat tunnust EU Kids Online'i uuringust. Tulemused näitavad, et enamik Eesti õpetajatest on õpilaste internetikasutust sotsiaalselt vahendanud: üksnes 13% lastest ei suutnud meenutada, et nad oleks õpetajatelt kunagi juhiseid või informatsiooni saanud. Peamised erinevused Eesti õpetajate tegevuses ilmnesid keele ja asula suuruse puhul. Uuring lubab väita, et eesti keelt rääkivate ja väikestest asulatest pärit laste õpetajad vahendavad laste internetitegevusi aktiivsemalt ja mitmekülgsemalt ning pakuvad internetiohtude korral rohkem nõuandeid. See, kuidas on õpetajate tegevus ja laste kokkupuude internetiohtudega omavahel seotud, erineb vanuseja keelerühmiti. Internetis kahju kogemine ei ole seotud õpetajatepoolse sotsiaalse vahendamisega.Võtmesõnad: internetikasutuse sotsiaalne vahendamine, õpetaja roll, internetiohud, kahju kogemine, digitaalsed oskused SissejuhatusTänapäeva ühiskonnas, mida sageli nimetatakse info-, võrgu-või meediaühiskonnaks, on info-ja kommunikatsioonitehnoloogia, eriti internet, saanud paljude laste igapäevaelu lahutamatuks ja enesestmõistetavaks osaks. Üha enam lapsi sünnib infost küllastunud keskkonda, mis erineb oluliselt sellest, kus nende vanemad ja õpetajad üles kasvasid. Seega seisavad lapsi kasvatavad ja õpetavad ning nende heaolu eest vastutavad täiskasva-nud silmitsi raskustega, mis erinevad eelnevate põlvkondade ees seisnud 1 Ühiskonnateaduste instituut, sotsiaal-ja haridusteaduskond,

Victims of Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review

“…Neither ethnical nor cultural factors that might have influenced the victims' willingness to open up about their experiences or their perception of the abuse were discussed. Soo et al (2012) highlighted that their findings regarding differences between Estonian-speaking and Russian-speaking children showed that future research must address ethnicities in more detail. Only one other European study that obtained data directly from victims mentioned that their findings could not be generalized due to the sample being disproportionately white and female (Hamilton-Giachritsis et al, 2017).…”

“…The majority of the studies (n = 7) included adults reporting retrospectively on TA-CSA, from which two studies were conducted with college students (González Ortega & Orgaz Baz, 2013;Sabina et al, 2008) focusing exclusively on exposure to pornographic material online as a minor. In six studies, the main participants were minors, their age ranging between 10 and 17 (Jonsson & Svedin, 2012;Jonsson et al, 2019;Mitchell et al, 2011;Quayle et al, 2012;Soo et al, 2012;Whittle et al, 2013). Two studies included both minor and young adult participants being described as young people aged 15 to 20 (Hamilton-Giachritsis et al, 2017) and 17 to 24 (Joleby et al, 2020a).…”

“…When looking at the types of TA-CSA in the included studies, a subsumption was possible. Sabina et al (2008), Soo et al (2012), and González Ortega and Orgaz-Baz (2013) examined the exposure to pornographic material as a minor. Soo et al (2012) described exposure to pornographic material more generally as being exposed to online sexual messages and harassment including receiving or seeing sexual messages, that is in words, pictures, or videos.…”

“…Sabina et al (2008), Soo et al (2012), and González Ortega and Orgaz-Baz (2013) examined the exposure to pornographic material as a minor. Soo et al (2012) described exposure to pornographic material more generally as being exposed to online sexual messages and harassment including receiving or seeing sexual messages, that is in words, pictures, or videos. Sabina et al (2008) and González Ortega and Orgaz-Baz (2013) determined exposure similarly as having seen online pornography as a minor and included more detail as to what that entails: "images of paraphilic or criminal sexual activity including child pornography and sexual violence" (Sabina et al, 2008, p. 691), being sought out explicitly or being exposed to involuntarily as well as: images of naked people, naked people showing genitals in explicit poses or people having sex, images of deviant or criminal sexual activity, sexual bondage, sexual activity between people and animals, sexual activity involving urine or feces, child pornography and/or rape or sexual violence.…”

“…In the studies on exposure to pornographic material, the prevalence in regard to the quantity of the sample ranged between 19 and 72% (González Ortega & Orgaz Baz, 2013;Sabina et al, 2008;Soo et al, 2012). However, that range might be explained by the sample itself as a higher prevalence was discerned by a retrospective data collection of adults (González Ortega & Orgaz Baz, 2013;Sabina et al, 2008) compared to surveying minors (Soo et al, 2012). The age at first exposure was fairly similar and described between the ages of 14 to 17 (Sabina et al, 2008) or as the mean age of 15 (González Ortega & Orgaz Baz, 2013).…”