The role of estrogen and progesterone in the induction and dissipation of uterine edema in mares

Pelehach, L. M.; Greaves, Hezron; Porter, Michael B.; Desvousges, A.; Sharp, D. C.

doi:10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00765-3

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Under estrogen influence, prominent endometrial edema is physiologic and presents on ultrasound as a typical structure. Uterine edema reaches its maximum expression four days before ovulation and then decreases until the time of ovulation [30]. This phenomenon was also reflected in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Relationship between Clinical Uterine Findings, Therapy, and Fertility in the Mare

Scarlet

Malama

Fischer

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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Persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) is a major cause of subfertility in horses and the susceptibility is increased by several factors. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of clinical uterine findings and PBIE therapies, respectively, on pregnancy rate in mares. The analysis included records from 220 mares (390 cycles) inseminated at an artificial insemination (AI) center in Switzerland. Gynecological examinations were performed repeatedly before and after AI to determine cervical tone, uterine edema, and intrauterine fluid accumulation. Pregnancy rate was lower (p < 0.001) in barren mares compared to mares of other reproductive status. A more flaccid cervix (p = 0.009) was observed at the time of ovulation in pregnant cycles, but there was no difference (p > 0.05) regarding uterine edema. Intrauterine fluid accumulation reduced pregnancy rate (p = 0.002). Oxytocin administration had beneficial effects on pregnancy rate (p = 0.015), especially for barren mares, while uterine lavage did not have any effect (p > 0.05). The results show that cervical tone and intrauterine fluid accumulation, but not its degree, are useful parameters for assessment of fertility in mares. Oxytocin treatment improved pregnancy rates in mares with PBIE while uterine lavage had a limited effect.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Relationship between Clinical Uterine Findings, Therapy, and Fertility in the Mare

Scarlet

Malama

Fischer

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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“…The threshold for early luteolysis of 2 ng/mL of progesterone was chosen since mares can develop endometrial oedema when their progesterone circulating concentration falls below that value. 19 Sequential data are reported as mean ± S.E.M., unless stated otherwise. A probability of p ≤ 0.05 indicated that a difference was significant, whereas probabilities between p > 0.05 and p ≤ 0.1 indicated that a difference approached significance.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of repeated embryo flushing without PGF_2α administration on luteal function, percentage of unwanted pregnancy and subsequent fertility in mares

Martínez‐Boví,

Sala‐Ayala,

Querol‐Paajanen

et al. 2024

Equine Veterinary Journal

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BackgroundPGF2α is commonly given at the end of embryo flushing (EF) to shorten the interval to the next oestrus and ovulation.ObjectivesTo determine the effect of repeated EF on plasma progesterone concentration, percentage of mares with endometritis, unwanted pregnancy and subsequent fertility in mares flushed without the use of PGF2α.Study designControlled experiments.MethodsNine mares were inseminated in seven consecutive cycles (n = 63), to either perform an EF (n = 54) 7–9 days after ovulation or left pregnant (n = 9). PGF2α was not used to induce oestrus. Ultrasound examination and blood sampling were performed just before the EF and 72 h later to determine changes in progesterone concentration and signs of endometritis.ResultsThe overall percentage of positive EF/pregnancy was 55.5% (30/54) and 66.7% (6/9), respectively. The likelihood of pregnancy/positive EF in the first three cycles was 55.5% (15/29). This was not different (p > 0.1) from the fertility of the last four cycles (69.4%, 25/36). In five EF cycles (9.3%), mares had signs of endometritis and early luteolysis (progesterone <2 ng/mL) 72 h after EF. The reduction in progesterone concentration by 72 h after EF was greater (p < 0.05) for Day 9 (−2.3 ± 0.7 ng/mL) than Day 7 (−1.0 ± 0.8 ng/mL) or Day 8 (−1.3 ± 1.1 ng/mL) cycles. The progesterone concentration in non‐flushed mares did not vary significantly during the sampled period (Day 7–12). There were 5 cycles in which the donor mare remained pregnant after the EF, although four were from a single mare.Main limitationsThe mare population was limited to barren and maiden mares. The cycle order and operator allocation to each EF were not randomised.ConclusionsEF induces a subtle, but significant reduction in progesterone concentrations compared with non‐EF cycles. However, the percentage of mares with EF‐induced full luteolysis is low (9.3%). The fertility of mares after repeated EF without administration of PGF2α was unaffected; however, there is a considerable risk of unwanted pregnancy (5/27 = 18.5%) in donors from which an embryo was not recovered.

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“…In mares included in this study, endometrial edema often did not exceed a score of 1. Edema pattern of the uterus depends on an interaction between estrogens and progesterone [ 16 ]. However, in the study conducted by Pycock et al [ 17 ], no direct correlation was found between endometrial edema and estradiol concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between estrus endometrial edema and progesterone production in pregnant mares two weeks after ovulation

Grabowska¹,

Kozdrowski

2022

BMC Vet Res

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Background Progesterone plays a crucial role in the maintenance of pregnancy from conception to about 100–120 days of gestation when placenta becomes the main source of gestagens. The aim of the study was to test progesterone concentration 14 days after ovulation in pregnant mares and relate it to peak estral endometrial edema and the presence of intrauterine fluid (IUF) after artificial insemination (AI), the number of treatments against IUF, and the time from AI to the day when the uterus was found free of fluid. Results Mares were divided into two groups: group A (n = 13; age 10.8 ± 4.5 years) in which a normal embryonic vesicle with a diameter ≥ 14 mm and a corpus luteum with a diameter ≥ 15 mm were found 14 days after ovulation, and group B (n = 22; age 9.4 ± 4 .0 years) in which 14 days after ovulation, a small (< 15 mm) corpus luteum and/or a small embryonic vesicle was observed (diameter < 14 mm). Mares from group A had a significantly higher progesterone concentrations at 14 days after ovulation compared with group B mares. The presence of IUF, the number of treatments against IUF, and the time from AI to the day when uterus was found free of fluid did not affect progesterone concentration measured 14 days after ovulation. In group B, a significant correlation was found between progesterone concentration measured 14 days after ovulation and endometrial edema evaluated during estrus. Conclusions In some cases poor development of endometrial edema during estrus can be associated with lower progesterone production 14 days after ovulation. Nevertheless, scientific explanation for this finding cannot be given based on our study.

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The role of estrogen and progesterone in the induction and dissipation of uterine edema in mares

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Relationship between Clinical Uterine Findings, Therapy, and Fertility in the Mare

Relationship between Clinical Uterine Findings, Therapy, and Fertility in the Mare

Effects of repeated embryo flushing without PGF_2α administration on luteal function, percentage of unwanted pregnancy and subsequent fertility in mares

Relationship between estrus endometrial edema and progesterone production in pregnant mares two weeks after ovulation

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The role of estrogen and progesterone in the induction and dissipation of uterine edema in mares

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Relationship between Clinical Uterine Findings, Therapy, and Fertility in the Mare

Relationship between Clinical Uterine Findings, Therapy, and Fertility in the Mare

Effects of repeated embryo flushing without PGF2α administration on luteal function, percentage of unwanted pregnancy and subsequent fertility in mares

Relationship between estrus endometrial edema and progesterone production in pregnant mares two weeks after ovulation

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Effects of repeated embryo flushing without PGF_2α administration on luteal function, percentage of unwanted pregnancy and subsequent fertility in mares