The role of exercise in the treatment of obesity

Votruba, Susanne B.; Horvitz, Micah A.; Schoeller, Dale A.

doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00264-6

Cited by 123 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…As reviewed by others, 5,6,16,17 usual or current activity at follow-up was inversely associated with weight gain over the previous 10 y when participants were classified according to their physical activity at baseline. A particular strength of our study is the fact that we assessed intensity, frequency, type, and duration of physical activity during a 10-y period using a validated questionnaire.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Effects of physical activity intensity, frequency, and activity type on 10-y weight change in middle-aged men and women

2005

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BACKGROUND: Increased physical activity is often recommended for weight maintenance and loss. OBJECTIVE: To examine how intensity, frequency, and type of recreational physical activity are associated with weight gain attenuation over a 10-y period. PARTICIPANTS: Over 15 000 adults between 53 and 57 y living in western Washington State recruited between 2000 and 2002. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported measures of physical activity (using a questionnaire), height, and weight. METHODS: We examined associations between physical activity and weight change after age 45 y. All analyses controlled for age at baseline, weight at age 45 y (continuous), diet, education, smoking, and weight change between ages 30 and 45 y, and were stratified by sex and body mass index (BMI) at age 45 y (normal weight, overweight, or obese). RESULTS: Increasing MET-hours and sessions per week of high-, moderate-and low-intensity activities over 10 y were inversely related to weight gain after age 45 y. Generally, associations were stronger for women than for men and for obese compared to normal weight or overweight individuals. Obese women and men who participated in 75-100 min per week of fast walking gained 9 and 5 pound less than nonwalkers, respectively, and lesser amounts in normal weight and overweight women and men. Jogging, aerobics, and fast cycling were associated with weight gain attenuation in most sex and age 45 y BMI groups, while slow walking, swimming, and weight lifting were not. CONCLUSIONS: In this free-living population, long-term, regular physical activity, particularly common activities carried out at a moderate intensity such as walking, prevented some of the weight gain associated with aging.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Effects of physical activity intensity, frequency, and activity type on 10-y weight change in middle-aged men and women

2005

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“…Apart from the rare monogenic causes for severe disturbances of the eating regulation -genetic alterations of the ob gene (leptin) (Zhang et al, 1996;Strobel et al, 1998), the leptin receptor (Clement et al, 1998), a mutation of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene (Farooqi et al, 2000), and mutations in the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene (Krude et al, 1998) -obesity appears to show a multifactorial aetiopathogenesis. Disadvantageous dietary habits, such as overconsumption of fat-rich diets, excessive use of modern media, in particular television viewing (Robinson, 2001), a sedentary lifestyle (Votruba et al, 2000), and many other exogenous factors, have been made responsible for the development of obesity already in early childhood. And recently, a new and very challenging hypothesis has been added linking obesity, voracity, and growth hormone (GH) deficiency to the consumption of elevated amounts of the amino-acid glutamate (GLU) (Hermanussen and Tresguerres, 2003a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity, voracity, and short stature: the impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite

Hermanussen¹,

García

Sunder³

et al. 2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

108

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Background: World-wide obesity has risen to alarming levels. We present experimental support for a new and very challenging hypothesis linking obesity, voracity, and growth hormone (GH) deficiency, to the consumption of elevated amounts of the amino-acid glutamate (GLU). Supraphysiological doses of GLU are toxic for neuronal cells. Methods: Human data were obtained from 807 592 German conscripts born between 1974 and 1978, and from 1 432 368 women of the German birth statistics (deutsche Perinatalerhebung) 1995-1997. The effects of orally administered monosodium glutamate (MSG) were investigated in 30 pregnant Wistar rats and their offspring. Pregnant animals either received no extra MSG, or 2.5 g MSG, or 5 g MSG per day, up to the end of the weaning period. In all, 2.5 g, respectively 5 g, MSG accounted for some 10%, respectively 20%, of dry weight of the average daily food ration. After weaning, MSG feeding was continued in the offspring. Findings: Morbid obesity associates with short stature. Average stature of conscripts progressively declines when body mass index increases above 38 kg/m 2 . Also morbidly obese young women are shorter than average though to a lesser extent than conscripts. Oral administration of MSG to pregnant rats affects birth weight of the offspring. Maternal feeding with 5 g MSG per day results in severe birth weight reduction (Po0.01). Weight increments remain subnormal when MSG feeding to the mothers is maintained during weaning (Po0.01). GH serum levels are affected in animals that received MSG during prenatal life via maternal feeding. Animals that are kept on high MSG diet (5 g MSG per day) continue to show serum GH levels that are as low or even lower than those of MSG injected animals (Po0.05), both at day 30 and at day 90 of life. Animals that were kept on medium MSG diet (2.5 g MSG per day) showed low serum GH levels at day 30 of life (Po0.01), but seemed to partially recover before day 90. Almost identical results were observed in IGF-1 serum levels. Oral MSG resulted in dose dependent voracity. The animals fed 5 g MSG per day increased water uptake by threefold (Po0.01), and food uptake by almost two-fold (Po0.01). The influence of MSG is in general more marked in males than in females. Interpretation: GLU is a widely used nutritional substance that potentially exhibits significant neuronal toxicity. Voracity, and impaired GH secretion are the two major characteristics of parenterally administered GLU-induced neuronal damage. GLU maintains its toxicity in animals even when administered orally. Males appear to be more sensitive than females. The present study for the first time demonstrates, that a widely used nutritional monosubstance -the flavouring agent MSG -at concentrations that only slightly surpass those found in everyday human food, exhibits significant potential for damaging the hypothalamic regulation of appetite, and thereby determines the propensity of world-wide obesity. We suggest to reconsider the recommended daily allowances of amino acids and nutritional prot...

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“…8 However, in controlled intervention trials with prescribed exercise training either during or after weight reduction, beneficial effects of physical activity on long-term weight maintenance have not been demonstrated unequivocally. 4 Although increased physical activity may preserve some fat-free body mass during weight reduction, 9,10 it is unclear whether it has beneficial effects on body composition during weight regain. In addition, it is still unclear whether physical activity incorporated into a diet-focused maintenance program has additional long-term effects on weight and body composition, obesity-related comorbities or their risk factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of walking or resistance training on weight loss maintenance in obese, middle-aged men: a randomized trial

et al. 2002

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether walking or resistance training improves weight maintenance after weight loss when added to dietary counselling. DESIGN: Two months' weight reduction with very-low-energy-diet (VLED) followed by randomization into three groups (control, walking, resistance training) for 6 months' weight maintenance (WM) program and 23 months' unsupervised followup. During VLED and WM all groups received similar dietary counselling. SUBJECTS: The main inclusion criteria were BMI > 30 kg=m 2 , waist > 100 cm and physical inactivity (exercise once a week). Ninety healthy, obese (mean BMI 32.9 kg=m 2 and waist 112.5 cm), 35 -50 y-old men started the study and 68 were measured at the end of the study. MEASUREMENTS: Weight and body composition assessed by underwater weighing. Exercise diaries and dietary records to assess energy balance. RESULTS: During VLED the mean body weight decreased from 106.0 (s.d. 9.9) kg to 91.7 (9.4) kg. Weight was regained mostly during follow-up and in the end of the study the mean weight in groups was 99.9 -102.0 kg. Exercise training did not improve short or long-term weight maintenance when compared to the control group. However, resistance training attenuated the regain of body fat mass during WM (P ¼ 0.0l), but not during follow-up. In the combined groups the estimated total energy expenditure (EE) of reported physical activity was associated with less weight regain during WM. EE of 10.1 MJ=week was associated with maintaining weight after weight loss. EE of physical activity tended to decrease after WM in exercise groups due to poor long-term adherence to prescribed exercise. Energy intake seemed to increase during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Exercise training of moderate dose did not seem to improve long-term weight maintenance because of poor adherence to prescribed exercise.

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The role of exercise in the treatment of obesity

Cited by 123 publications

References 48 publications

Effects of physical activity intensity, frequency, and activity type on 10-y weight change in middle-aged men and women

Effects of physical activity intensity, frequency, and activity type on 10-y weight change in middle-aged men and women

Obesity, voracity, and short stature: the impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite

Effects of walking or resistance training on weight loss maintenance in obese, middle-aged men: a randomized trial

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