The role of exosomes from BALF in lung disease

Abstract

Exosomes are released from a variety of immune cells and nonimmune cells, the phospholipid vesicle bilayer membrane structure actively secreted into tissues. Recently, exosomes were demonstrated to be effectively delivered proteins, cholesterol, lipids, and amounts of DNA, mRNA, and noncoding RNAs to a target cell or tissue from a host cell. These can be detected in blood, urine, exhaled breath condensates, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid. BALF is a clinical examination method for obtaining alveolar cells and biochemical components, reflecting changes in the lungs, so it is also called liquid biopsy. Exosomes from BALF become a new method for intercellular communication and welldocumented in various pulmonary diseases. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), BALF exosomes can predict the degree of COPD damage and serve as an effective monitoring indicator for airflow limitation and airway remodeling. It also mediates antigen presentation in the airways to the adaptive immune system as well as costimulatory effects. Furthermore, BALF exosomes from acute lung injury and infective diseases are closely related to various infections and lack of oxygen status.BALF exosomes play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer.The effect of immunomodulatory role for BALF exosomes in adaptive and innate immune responses has been studied in sarcoidosis. The intercellular communication in the microenvironment of BALF exosomes in pulmonary fibrosis and lung remodeling have been studied. In this review, we summarize the novel findings of exosomes in BALF, executed function by protein, miRNA, DNA cytokine, and so on in several pulmonary diseases.

Extracellular vesicles isolated from hyperuricemia patients might aggravate airway inflammation of COPD via senescence-associated pathway

“…Once entering the extracellular space, exosomes are absorbed by adjacent cells or enter the blood circulation to reach distant targets and release genetic materials, protein, and lipid mediators. In recent years, it has been observed that exosomes can transmit information between cells and regulate the function of receptor cells through paracrine and other pathways [ 19 , 32 ]. Physiologically, exosomes have been proved to be the key mediators in maintaining the steady-state function of complex thin-walled lung tissue and airway structure [ 33 ].…”

“…Physiologically, exosomes have been proved to be the key mediators in maintaining the steady-state function of complex thin-walled lung tissue and airway structure [ 33 ]. In addition to being a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis, exosomes have also been reported to play a role in the chronic inflammatory response of the airway and lung tissue and induce the migration of inflammatory cells [ 19 ], indicating their effect on COPD genesis and progression [ 22 , 34 ].…”

“…According to the operator' manual [ 19 ], the BALF sample was removed from the low-temperature storage environment and place it on ice; At RT, 2000xG was centrifuged for 20 min to remove residual cells and debris; And we concentrated the BALF samples using the ultrafiltration tube (Millipore 10kd). Then we transferred the concentrated BALF to the new tube and added 1/3 volume of RiboTM exosome isolation reagent (for other body fluids).…”

Exosomes as Anticancer Drug Delivery Vehicles: Prospects and Challenges

“…Exosomes are present in all biological fluids including cerebrospinal fluid, blood, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid, ascites, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [6,8,9]. Exosomes transport various cargoes including proteins, lipids, various RNA species, and DNA [4].…”

Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Immune Responses against Antigen-Specific Presentation

“…Hence, preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies that target or use exosomes are likely to be effective and have significant potential in a clinical setting. Exosomes contain multivesicular body-related proteins, such as apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X (Alix); tumour susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101); the endosomal sorting complex required for transport complex (in late endosomes); heat shock proteins, such as HSP70 and HSP90; proteins involved in intracellular transport, such as Rab GTPase; and transmembrane protein family tetraspanins, such as CD9, CD61, and CD81, in addition to endosome membrane-derived lipids, such as cholesterol and sphingomyelin, whose expression levels differ based on the cell type from which they are secreted [ 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 ]. Exosomes are classified based on size; ~35 nm particles are referred to as exomeres, 60–80 nm particles as small exosomes, and 90–120 nm particles as large exosomes [ 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 ], all of which exhibit different expression patterns for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and N-glycans.…”