The role of extended reality in eloquent area lesions: a systematic review

Abstract

OBJECTIVE The surgical approach to lesions near eloquent areas continues to represent a challenge for neurosurgeons, despite all of the sophisticated tools currently used. The goal of surgery in eloquent areas is to maintain a good oncofunctional balance, that is, to preserve neurological function and ensure maximum tumor resection. Among all the available tools, extended reality (used to describe both virtual reality [VR] and mixed reality) is rapidly gaining a pivotal role in such delicate lesions, especially in preoperative planning, and recently, even during the surgical procedure. VR creates a completely new world in which only digital components are present. Augmented reality (AR), using software and hardware to introduce digital elements into the real-world environment, enhances the human experience. In addition, mixed reality, a more recent technique, combines VR and AR by projecting virtual objects into the real world, allowing the user to interact with them. METHODS A systematic literature review of the last 23.5 years was conducted (January 2000–June 2023) to investigate and discuss all progress related to the emerging role and use of these new technologies (VR, AR, and mixed reality), particularly in eloquent area lesions as a pre- and/or intraoperative tool. RESULTS Five hundred eighty-four published studies were identified. After removing duplicates and excluding articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 21 papers were included in the systematic review. The use of AR or VR was fully analyzed, considering their roles both intraoperatively and for surgical planning. CONCLUSIONS The increasing use of such innovative technologies has completely changed the way to approach a lesion, using 3D visualization to foster a better understanding of its anatomical and vascular characteristics.

Cardiac Healthcare Digital Twins Supported by Artificial Intelligence-Based Algorithms and Extended Reality—A Systematic Review

“…This approach provides a new level of quality in the three-dimensional (3D) visualization of complex structures such as organs and their abnormalities as well as touch-free interfaces [6]. XR is increasingly used in preoperative planning, and recently even during surgery [7,8]. Immersive solutions are also starting to play an important role in medical education [9], particularly in the context of distance education [10].…”