The role of Facebook, Plurk, and YouTube in the two-step andN-step flows of communication and the effect on political efficacy

Community detection with opinion leaders’ identification for promoting collaborative problem‐based learning performance

“…However, such standard information not only could not be effectively absorbed by individual learners, but also might result in learners ignoring important information due to formal or serious information announcement type. On the other hand, in the information communication theory, the two‐step flow of communication has been widely applied to information dissemination in community media, shopping choices in daily life and elections (Childers & Rao, ; Choi, ; Hong, ; Zhang, ) and the two‐step flow of communication through opinion leader in each community has been proved that it could better change audiences’ attitudes than the one‐step flow of communication directly through mass media. Although it is common to apply the two‐step flow of communication to communications, research on the application to teaching and even e‐learning is little.…”

Participatory effects of political satire revisited in the age of digital media : the role of hard news, political expression and social media

“…In the social media environment with user-friendly communication tools, people actively curate media content, by filtering, liking, and reframing the content with personal evaluations (Gil de Zúñiga et al, 2012;Hong, 2016;Mitchell, Kiley, Gottfried, & Guskin, 2013;Park, 2015). And this socially curated media content in the social media environment is actively consumed (Domingo et al, 2008;Rosenstiel et al, 2017;Villi, 2012), which could influence political attitudes and behaviors (Bode, 2012;Bond et al, 2012;Hong, 2016). Little research, however, has examined the role of social media in political satire viewing and its influence on political outcomes.…”

“…First, it is often said that the interactive feature of the Internet-enabled social media, beyond temporal and geographical boundaries, plays an integral role in political outcomes (Mitchelstein & Boczkowski, 2010). This is mainly because the interactive feature of social media allows users to express and exchange their political opinions through user-friendly communication tools for commenting, sharing, and posting (Gil de Zúñiga et al, 2012;Hong, 2016;Mitchell et al, 2013;Park, 2015). In a survey study, Gil de Zuniga, Jung, and Valenzuela (2012) examined the effects of news consumption on social networking sites on civic and political participation.…”

“…Results show that social media use for news and information had a significant and positive effect on people's social capital and civic and political behaviors, both online and offline, which involve writing to a politician, attending a political rally, making a campaign contribution, subscribing to a political listserv, and signing up to volunteer for a campaign. In a survey study, Hong (2016) examined the effects of social media, such as Facebook, Plurk, and YouTube, on political efficacy within the context of the 2012 Taiwanese presidential election. Results suggest that the more the respondents watched political videos, the more they shared the videos on social media, which led to higher discussion of the issue and hence greater understanding of politics.…”

“…Lastly, this content sharing in the form of personal endorsement on social media (Young et al, 2014) increases the level of trust in and engagement with shared content and hence facilitates political engagment (Bode, 2012;Bond et al, 2012). In other words, news and information encountered on social media platforms can be more persuasive and influential than news and information from the traditional media platforms, such as newspapers and television, since it comes from family and friends, whom they trust (Bode, 2012;Hong, 2016;Rosenstiel et al, 2017). In an experimental study, Rosenstiel and colleagues (2017) examined the elements of trust in news on social media by manipulating the source of information and found that the sharer's credibility was more important in choosing what to read compared to the credibility of media source.…”