Temperate grasslands occupy 9 million km 2 , representing 8% of earth's terrestrial surface (Figure 1) (Sala et al., 2013;White et al., 2000). Most permanent grasslands are land-use systems established by humans over centuries and therefore a part of our cultural landscape (Hejcman et al., 2013). Grasslands occur most commonly where site-specific conditions are less favourable for crop farming, while primarily found on marginal land. Grassland herbaceous plant communities evolved in close relation with herbivores and are adapted to defoliation. Defoliation is defined as removing plant shoots by grazing or mowing, and it is described in terms of intensity, interval between events, timing relative to season or plant growth stage, or by its spatial heterogeneity (Sollenberger