The role of flow in green chemistry and engineering

Abstract

Flow chemistry and continuous processing can offer many ways to make synthesis a more sustainable practice. These technologies help bridge the large gap between academic and industrial settings by often providing a more reproducible, scalable, safe and efficient option for performing chemical reactions. In this review, we use selected examples to demonstrate how continuous methods of synthesis can be greener than batch synthesis on a small and a large scale.

X-ray spectroscopy for chemistry in the 2-4 keV energy regime at the XMaS beamline: ionic liquids, Rh and Pd catalysts in gas and liquid environments, and Cl contamination in γ-Al2O3

“…Liquid-solid catalysis is especially important for the synthesis of fine chemicals but also in a variety of fields such as electrochemistry, geochemistry and biology. Moreover, in recent years the use of flow, rather than static or batch systems, has become considerably more important for applied processes (Hartman et al, 2011;Ley, 2012;Newman & Jensen, 2013).…”

A fluorescence active catalyst support comprising carbon quantum dots and magnesium oxide doping for stabilization of palladium nanoparticles: Application as a recoverable catalyst for Suzuki reaction in water

“…For instance industries have started employing green chemistry practices such as waste prevention by designing high performance heterogeneous catalysts based on naturally available materials and the use of less toxic solvents and reagents. [8][9][10][11] Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are important approaches for the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In recent years, because of high toxicity and price of palladium, growing interest has been paid to development of different heterogeneous palladium catalysts [19][20][21][22].…”

Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling in Continuous Flow

“…In the context of green chemistry, catalysis and alternative media, different cross-coupling reactions such as Suzuki-Miyaura in batch reactors have been developed in aqueous media or in water as sole green safer solvent via conventional heating or microwave irradiation [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Continuous flow chemistry as alternative technology offers significant processing advantages including improved thermal management, mixing control, application to a wider range of reaction conditions, scalability, energy efficiency, waste reduction, safety, use of heterogeneous catalysis, multistep synthesis and much more [44][45][46][47][48][49]. Two different reactors, micro and meso (or flow) reactors, exist and the devices depend on the channel In this report, the development of different reactors made with a perfluoroalkoxyalkane (PFA) tube having the inner diameter of 1 mm has been described [84].…”