“…While these services are undeniably important, our findings suggest that they contribute minimally to the development of vertical trust. Institutions that offered regular, transparent communication and accessible grievance mechanisms reported higher levels of trust from international students (Amara, 2020;Carbajosa, Morgret, Spencer, & Hameister, 2022). These mechanisms are critical not only for students to navigate the academic bureaucracy of foreign countries of study, but also for feeling supported and welcomed by their institution and, by extension, by the host country.…”