The role of funding agencies in the cognitive development of science

Braun, Dietmar

doi:10.1016/s0048-7333(98)00092-4

Cited by 184 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Detailed analyses have also been devoted to funding agencies (Braun, 1998;Van der Meulen, 2003), as well as to the strategic choices and behaviour of large performers (Sanz-Menéndez and Cruz-Castro, 2003) and of individual researchers (Laudel, 2006). In comparative studies, these approaches have led to results concerning similarities and differences between countries.…”

Section: Conceptualizing the Organization Of Public Funding Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While there are a large number of studies based on the principal-agent framework on individual funding agencies (Braun, 1998;Van der Meulen, 2003), recent work has compared the structure of project funding in western European countries, showing that in almost all countries it is highly differentiated with many agencies and instruments covering most of the themes and types of research and with limited coordination (Lepori et al, 2007a); this creates room for strategic choice of the research units on how to get funded, thus reducing steering capacity of the state. However, there is some evidence that the market is segmented according to subject domains, type of research and performers; quantitative data show wide differences in the share of funding instruments attributed to different performers' categories (Lepori et al, 2007a), as well as in success rates between groups of applicants (Viner et al, 2006).…”

Section: Core Funding To Public Research Organizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparing the organization of public research funding in central and eastern European countries

et al. 2009

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In this article, we present a comparative analysis of the organization of public funding of research in three central and eastern European countries. We first compare the organization of funding agencies, the portfolio of funding instruments and, finally, the repartition of funding by beneficiaries. Further, we identify the main structural characteristics of the funding systems, by looking at features like sectoral divisions, level of delegation and the role of different institutional levels in the management of funding. Against a widespread conception of research policies in central and eastern European countries converging towards a western-style model, our study displays profound differences between the considered countries, related to history but also to contextual factors in the reform phase.

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Section: Conceptualizing the Organization Of Public Funding Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Core Funding To Public Research Organizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the organization of public research funding in central and eastern European countries

et al. 2009

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“…Algunos autores emplearon el enfoque principal-agente para explicar la re-lación que se había forjado entre los estados (el principal) y los científicos (el agente) y sus aportaciones fueron de una gran riqueza analítica (Guston, 1996;Braun, 1998;Van der Meulen, 1998). Guston (1996) fue el primer autor que introdujo este enfoque analítico, sobre el que se basó para defender que el debate clave al que tenían que enfrentarse los decisores públicos a la hora de construir los incipientes sistemas públicos de ciencia y tecnología era el grado de delegación de autoridad que los gobiernos debían ceder a los científicos.…”

Section: Los Trabajos Clásicos: Primeros Debatesunclassified

Enfoques positivos y normativos en las políticas de ciencia y tecnología

Rico-Castro¹,

Cuesta²

2009

Arbor

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The aim of this paper is to show how normative approaches to scientific research and technological development (R&D) policies have shaped positive analysis. It presents a general overview of those contributions from decision makers and researchers to the RESUMEN:Este artículo presenta una visión general de la evolución de los trabajos que estudian las políticas públicas de investigación científica y desarrollo tecnológico (I+D), desde la apertura de este campo a la acción del gobierno en la década de 1940 hasta la actualidad. Tras hacer un repaso descriptivo de cuáles fueron las primeras aportaciones de los decisores públicos y de los académicos a este campo de conocimiento durante su proceso de creación, este trabajo utiliza la distinción entre enfoques positivos y normativos y defiende que el liderazgo normativo ha correspondido a los organismos internacionales, especialmente a la OCDE, y que los enfoques positivos en la literatura académica internacional y en la nacional han evolucionado siguiendo las pautas marcadas por esta institución.PALABRAS CLAVE: Políticas públicas de investigación científica y desarrollo tecnológico, enfoques positivos y normativos, OCDE. INTRODUCCIÓNEl objeto de este trabajo son los estudios sociales sobre las políticas de investigación científica y desarrollo tecnológi-co (I+D). El objetivo es el de presentar, de forma ordenada y coherente, aquellos trabajos que se han hecho para explicar cómo surgió esta área de acción pública en el contexto internacional y de qué manera, al nacimiento de un nuevo espacio de decisión gubernamental y de sus estándares de buenas prácticas, le siguió la apertura de un vasto campo de análisis para las ciencias sociales. El artículo distingue entre las aproximaciones normativas y positivas (Cordes, 1997), desde mediados del siglo XX hasta los primeros años del siglo XXI, y trata de poner de manifiesto cuáles han sido las relaciones de influencia mutua entre ambas corrientes. Con ello se pretende aportar una perspectiva diferente, una herramienta que ayude a una comprensión ordenada de toda la literatura que se ha escrito sobre este espacio de la acción pública y, por lo tanto, acercar a los estudiosos de este campo de conocimiento una forma de entender la evolución de las políticas a través de cómo han sido y de cómo se ha establecido que debían ser.Los estudios académicos que se han desarrollado para tratar de explicar los distintos procesos que surgen alrededor de la actividad científica han sido multidisciplinares. La producción de nuevo conocimiento y su posterior aplicación práctica es una actividad que, si bien ha ocupado a los seres humanos a lo largo de la Historia, alcanzó una dimensión política, social y económica de relevancia ineludible a principios del siglo XX. Desde entonces y en la

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“…Following Braun (1998), funding agencies can in general be divided into three categories according to their role in the realisation of science policy. Science-based agencies serve all disciplines, respond to problems raised by disciplinary communities and tend to propose disciplinary solutions, that is, they tend to choose disciplinary-oriented instruments for their funding.…”

Section: Types Of Council and Ways Of Delegationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Braun also points to variations in use of instruments to help solve scientific problems by the various types of agencies (Braun, 1998). A science-based agency tends to select discipline-oriented solutions and a political agency is oriented towards the solution of broader problems and tends to select multidisciplinary solutions.…”

Section: Types Of Council and Ways Of Delegationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Between policy and science: research councils' responsiveness in Austria, Norway and Switzerland

2007

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This paper investigates the developments of research councils in Austria, Norway and Switzerland, and analyses their responsiveness to government and science. By use of various data sources and indicators, our results suggest that councils are sometimes more responsive to the beneficiaries' interests (science) than to policy-makers, but are more responsive to government policies when under stronger government control. Patterns of responsiveness tend to be stable through time despite important changes in national contexts and the changing roles and organisation of research councils. These findings have interesting theoretical consequences about responsiveness and independence ESEARCH COUNCILS have been the preferred way of institutionalising 'the second stream' of research funding in most industrialised countries. Both researchers and research institutions are perceiving council funding for research projects allocated through research grants, programmes and projects as increasingly important (Geuna, 2001;Geuna and Martin, 2003). Instruments and criteria are co-decisive for the selection of research topics, for researchers' adaptive strategies and their ability to perform high quality research (Laudel, 2006), but also because general government appropriations often are tied up with the coverage of running costs, leaving the institutions with little freedom. Funding from intermediaries such as research councils might thus be the only way to make possible new research initiatives and thereby scientific development.Research councils are in many ways semiindependent agencies operating at arm's length from government and can often be closely linked to the research community. Their loyalty can thus be bidirectional, and the councils might have to balance between the interests of policy-makers and scientists. Our main concern is to analyse how research councils act as intermediaries influenced by national research policies on one hand and the research community on the other. By comparing research councils in Austria, Norway and Switzerland, we will shed light on the importance of the councils' embeddedness in national contexts and history for how they play their roles.We first introduce the research questions we are posing. Then we discuss the theoretical framework underlying our understanding of research councils' actions and responses to policy, before we lay out the chosen analytical model and methodology. We then present the councils and give empirical evidence on the developments along the selected variables. Finally, we discuss the findings. Research questionsResearch councils play a crucial role in scientific development and in science policy in most industrial countries and are often assigned the task of allocating R Stig Slipersaeter is NIFU STEP,

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The role of funding agencies in the cognitive development of science

Cited by 184 publications

References 12 publications

Comparing the organization of public research funding in central and eastern European countries

Comparing the organization of public research funding in central and eastern European countries

Enfoques positivos y normativos en las políticas de ciencia y tecnología

Between policy and science: research councils' responsiveness in Austria, Norway and Switzerland

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