The role of glutamate and glutamine metabolism and related transporters in nerve cells

Abstract

BackgroundGlutamate and glutamine are the most abundant amino acids in the blood and play a crucial role in cell survival in the nervous system. Various transporters found in cell and mitochondrial membranes, such as the solute carriers (SLCs) superfamily, are responsible for maintaining the balance of glutamate and glutamine in the synaptic cleft and within cells. This balance affects the metabolism of glutamate and glutamine as non‐essential amino acids.AimsThis review aims to provide an overview of the transporters and enzymes associated with glutamate and glutamine in neuronal cells.DiscussionWe delve into the function of glutamate and glutamine in the nervous system by discussing the transporters involved in the glutamate‐glutamine cycle and the key enzymes responsible for their mutual conversion. Additionally, we highlight the role of glutamate and glutamine as carbon and nitrogen donors, as well as their significance as precursors for the synthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH).ConclusionGlutamate and glutamine play a crucial role in the brain due to their special effects. It is essential to focus on understanding glutamate and glutamine metabolism to comprehend the physiological behavior of nerve cells and to treat nervous system disorders and cancer.

SLC38A2 promotes cell proliferation and invasion by promoting glutamine metabolism in adenomyosis

“…Although Gln is a non-essential amino acid, it is of great importance in intermediary metabolism ( 8 ). Gln is a substrate for protein and nucleotide synthesis ( 9 ). Furthermore, Gln can be a nitrogen and carbon donor that provides energy for cell proliferation ( 10 ).…”