The role of graphene‐based sorbents in modern sample preparation techniques

Abstract

The application of graphene-based sorbents in sample preparation techniques has increased significantly since 2011. These materials have good physicochemical properties to be used as sorbent and have shown excellent results in different sample preparation techniques. Graphene and its precursor graphene oxide have been considered to be good candidates to improve the extraction and concentration of different classes of target compounds (e.g., parabens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, pyrethroids, triazines, and so on) present in complex matrices. Its applications have been employed during the analysis of different matrices (e.g., environmental, biological and food). In this review, we highlight the most important characteristics of graphene-based material, their properties, synthesis routes, and the most important applications in both off-line and on-line sample preparation techniques. The discussion of the offline approaches includes methods derived from conventional solid-phase extraction focusing on the miniaturized magnetic and dispersive modes. The modes of microextraction techniques called stir bar sorptive extraction, solid phase microextraction, and microextraction by packed sorbent are discussed. The on-line approaches focus on the use of graphene-based material mainly in on-line solid phase extraction, its variation called in-tube solid-phase microextraction, and on-line microdialysis systems.

Recent trends in sorption‐based sample preparation and liquid chromatography techniques for food analysis

“…An expressive advantage when compared with CNTs is the capacity of G materials to interact in both sides of its structure. This fact increases sorption interaction and consequently shows better results in extraction performance .…”

“…Recent studies pinpoint graphene as a potential material to be applied to many different fields of science. G has been successfully applied as a sorbent in analytical chemistry since its first application in 2011 . Besides G, graphene oxide (GO) has a wide range of oxygenated functional groups and can be applied in sample preparation.…”

Graphene particles supported on silica as sorbent for residue analysis of tetracyclines in milk employing microextraction by packed sorbent

“…Recent studies pinpoint graphene (G) and its derivatives as a potential sorbent phase. . Some physicochemical properties including its high surface area (2600 m 2 /g), thermal/electric conductivity and high mechanical resistance suggests this class of compounds to be important in the development of new materials.…”

Electroless‐coated magnetic three‐dimensional graphene with silver nanoparticles used for the determination of pesticides in fruit samples

“…To overcome these problems, magnetic solid‐phase extraction (MSPE) was developed . Graphene oxide (GO) with hydroxyl, epoxy, phenolic, and carboxylic functional groups is an efficient sorbent material for extraction of various analytes . However, magnetization of GO enhances its hydrophilicity, water dispersity, reusability, and chemical stability , and reduces the agglomeration .…”

“…Moreover, the presence of pesticides in grape and tomato has been reported in the concentration range of 0.1-3.9 mg/kg [1]. According to European Union regulation of pesticides residues in grape, apple, and tomato are in analytes [19,20]. However, magnetization of GO enhances its hydrophilicity, water dispersity, reusability, and chemical stability [21,22], and reduces the agglomeration [23].…”