The role of growth hormone in determining birth size and early postnatal growth, using congenital growth hormone deficiency (GHD) as a model

Mehta, Ameeta; Hindmarsh, Peter C.; Stanhope, R; Turton, James; Cole, Tim; Preece, M A; Dattani, Mehul

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02330.x

Cited by 56 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In human cord blood, the insulin level is correlated with birth weight and neonatal length, but not with growth hormone level (21). Conversely, growth hormone has a predominant role in the postnatal period (10), and a study of children with congenital growth hormone deficiency (22) provides evidence that growth hormone has a minimal effect on intrauterine growth but a significant effect during infancy. Our findings, in contrast, suggest that adiponectin has an effect on fetal growth, but no effect on early postnatal growth, at least in the first month of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Serum Adiponectin Concentration on Birth Size and Early Postnatal Growth

et al. 2007

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ABSTRACT:In term neonates, the adiponectin concentration is higher than it is in adults. To determine the relationship between adiponectin and early neonatal growth in a cohort study. Fifty-two neonates at term were studied. Serum adiponectin concentrations, body sizes, and skinfold thicknesses were measured at birth and at 1 mo of age. At birth, cord blood adiponectin concentration correlated positively with birth weight (r ϭ 0.484, p ϭ 0.0003), birth length (r ϭ 0.524, p Ͻ 0.0001), and sum of the four skinfold thickness measurements (r ϭ 0.378, p ϭ 0.0057). In a stepwise regression, birth length was the only determinant of cord blood adiponectin concentration. However, at 1 mo of age, serum adiponectin concentration correlated with no anthropometric parameter at all. Between birth and 1 mo of age, the individual change in adiponectin concentration correlated negatively with birth weight. Thus, serum adiponectin concentrations in cord blood have a strong relationship to birth length rather than to body fatness, and this relationship is not demonstrated in 1-mo-old infants. These results imply that hormonal, substrate, or other mechanisms that regulate the relationship between body composition and growth in fetal life are different from those governing these relationships in early postnatal life. A diponectin is an adipocytokine produced exclusively by adipocytes and has potential antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, serum adiponectin concentration may be applied usefully as a biomarker of metabolic syndrome (1). Paradoxically, however, adiponectin concentration is inversely correlated with body fatness in adults (2) and in children (3), unlike the other adipocytokines, such as leptin, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ␣. Overall, the regulation of adiponectin concentrations and its functions are still not sufficiently understood, especially in growing infants.Adiponectin is also abundantly present in cord blood of term neonates, at concentrations two to three times higher than those reported in adults (2,4). Recent studies suggest that low adiponectin concentration in small neonates may be one of the mechanisms underlying the long-term consequences of an adverse fetal environment (5) and that small size at birth is associated with increased rates of the metabolic syndrome (6). However, adiponectin must have physiologic functions in the fetus and in neonates other than that of merely serving as a biomarker for the development of the metabolic syndrome. Little is known about the roles of adiponectin in the fetus. Recent studies in cord blood suggest that adiponectin, which is positively associated with birth weight, may play an important role in regulating fetal growth (7,8). Furthermore, adiponectin concentration in cord blood correlates positively with gestational age, increasing as the amount of adipose tissue also increases during the last trimester (8). This is in marked contrast to findings in adulthood where increased adiposity is associated with...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Serum Adiponectin Concentration on Birth Size and Early Postnatal Growth

et al. 2007

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“…Infant growth is largely a continuation of in utero growth, is influenced predominantly by nutrition, and is largely growth hormone independent (12). Growth during childhood is largely growth hormone dependent (13), although it follows the same final pathway as uterine growth, namely insulin-like growth factor-1, and is evident mathematically from approximately 6 to 8 mo of postnatal life.…”

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confidence: 99%

Factors Predicting Ante- and Postnatal Growth

et al. 2008

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Human growth is a continuous process. Studies defining factors influencing growth focus on discrete time points (e.g., birth), overlooking the conditional nature of the process. One thousand six hundred fifty Caucasian mothers who gave birth at term after an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy were studied using conditional analysis. Infant height, weight, and head circumference were obtained at birth and 6 mo of age. Data analysis, conditional upon birth size, was conducted as a stepped consideration of factors influencing phases of fetal and infant growth beginning with determinants of placental size. Placental weight was related to birth size. Seven percent of the variance in placental weight was explained by a combination of gestation at delivery, maternal size at first prenatal visit, paternal height (all positive), and increasing parity (negative). When centered on birth weight, 41% of the variance in placental weight was explained by birth weight, length of gestation, smoking during pregnancy (all positive), and a female baby (negative). Maternal and paternal stature equally influenced newborn and infant size. Conditional analysis reveals a series of modifiable (parity, length of gestation, and smoking) and nonmodifiable factors at different stages of the growth process.

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“…Clinical findings may become evident in asymptomatic patients with time. Observation is required in the neonatal period for optic nerve hypoplasia, midline defects or u n c o r r e c t e d p r o o f syndromes, even though initial endocrinal evaluations are normal (17)(18)(19). Diagnosis is difficult due to the problems faced with premature infants, hypothalamus-pituitary axis immaturity, limited information on normal values for newborns and contraindicated stimulation tests.…”

Section: Neonatal Clinical Findings In Congenital Hypopituitarism Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Hypopituitarism: Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches

Kurtoğlu¹,

Özdemır²,

Hatipoğlu³

2018

Jcrpe

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What is already known on this topic?The pituitary gland is the central regulator of growth, metabolism, reproduction and homeostasis. Hypopituitarism is defined as a decreased release of hypophysis hormones, which may be caused by pituitary gland disease or hypothalamus disease. Clinical findings for neonatal hypopituitarism depend on causes and hormonal deficiency type and degree. If early diagnosis is not made, it may cause pituitary hormone deficiencies. What this study adds?We aim to contribute to the literature through a review of etiological factors, clinical findings, diagnoses and treatment approaches for neonatal hypopituitarism. We also aim to increase awareness of neonatal hypopituitarism. We also want to emphasize the importance of early recognition. AbstractHypopituitarism is defined as a decreased release of hypophysis hormones, which may be caused by pituitary gland disease or hypothalamus disease. Clinical findings for neonatal hypopituitarism depend on causes and hormonal deficiency type and degree. Patients may be asymptomatic or may demonstrate non-specific symptoms, but may still be under risk for development of hypophysis hormone deficiency with time. Anamnesis, physical examination, endocrinological, radiological and genetic evaluations are all important for early diagnosis and treatment. Treatment of hypopituitarism patients is possible through treatment of hypophysis and hypothalamus disorders. The aim of this article is to contribute to the literature through a review of etiological factors, clinical findings, diagnoses and treatment approaches for neonatal hypopituitarism.

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The role of growth hormone in determining birth size and early postnatal growth, using congenital growth hormone deficiency (GHD) as a model

Cited by 56 publications

References 61 publications

Impact of Serum Adiponectin Concentration on Birth Size and Early Postnatal Growth

Impact of Serum Adiponectin Concentration on Birth Size and Early Postnatal Growth

Factors Predicting Ante- and Postnatal Growth

Neonatal Hypopituitarism: Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches

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