Zhong Z, Ramshesh VK, Rehman H, Currin RT, Sridharan V, Theruvath TP, Kim I, Wright GL, Lemasters JJ. Activation of the oxygen-sensing signal cascade prevents mitochondrial injury after mouse liver ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295: G823-G832, 2008. First published September 4, 2008 doi:10.1152/ajpgi.90287.2008.-The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) plays an important role in hepatocyte death caused by ischemia-reperfusion (IR). This study investigated whether activation of the cellular oxygen-sensing signal cascade by prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHI) protects against the MPT after hepatic IR. Ethyl 3,4-dihyroxybenzoate (EDHB, 100 mg/kg ip), a PHI, increased mouse hepatic hypoxia-inducible factor-1␣ and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). EDHB-treated and untreated mice were subjected to 1 h of warm ischemia to ϳ70% of the liver followed by reperfusion. Mitochondrial polarization, cell death, and the MPT were assessed by intravital confocal/multiphoton microscopy of rhodamine 123, propidium iodide, and calcein. EDHB largely blunted alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release and necrosis after reperfusion. In vehicle-treated mice at 2 h after reperfusion, viable cells with depolarized mitochondria were 72%, and dead cells were 2%, indicating that depolarization preceded necrosis. Mitochondrial voids excluding calcein disappeared, indicating MPT onset in vivo. NIM811, a specific inhibitor of the MPT, blocked mitochondrial depolarization after IR, further confirming that mitochondrial depolarization was due to MPT onset. EDHB decreased mitochondrial depolarization to 16% and prevented the MPT. Tin protoporphyrin (10 mol/kg sc), an HO-1 inhibitor, partially abrogated protection by EDHB against ALT release, necrosis, and mitochondrial depolarization. In conclusion, IR causes the MPT and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to hepatocellular death. PHI prevents MPT onset and liver damage through an effect mediated partially by HO-1. ethyl 3,4-dihyroxybenzoate; heme oxygenase; hepatic ischemia-reperfusion; mitochondrial permeability transition; prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION (IR) injury to the liver occurs in trauma, hemorrhagic and cardiac shock, vascular diseases, and hepatic surgery, including tumor resection and liver transplantation. A variety of pathophysiological processes likely contribute to development of IR injury. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the injury caused by IR (18,36,57). ROS not only directly damage cell membranes, DNA, and protein; they also trigger formation of toxic cytokines and increase adhesion molecules leading to inflammatory responses, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure (1,10,17,41). Recently, growing evidence supports an important role of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in cell injury after IR (24,25,45,58). The mitochondrial membrane potential collapses when the MPT occurs, leading to failure of ATP synthesis, release of cytochrome c, and cell death (24,25,55). ROS cause opening of MPT pores (22...