The role of higher order image statistics in masking scene gist recognition

Loschky, Lester C.; Hansen, Bruce C.; Sethi, Amit; Pydimarri, Tejaswi N.

doi:10.3758/app.72.2.427

Cited by 42 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(167 reference statements)

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“…The P-S algorithm is designed to keep the second-order statistics such as the Fourier power spectrum along with the other P-S statistics (Loschky et al, 2010). Hence, the None condition is different from other conditions in terms of the power spectra.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The P-S statistics pooled from a single region (i.e., shape is not considered) successfully encode the information necessary for texture perception during a human behavioral task (Balas, 2006) and neuronal measurements (Freeman, Ziemba, Heeger, Simoncelli, & Movshon, 2013). Other research suggests the importance of these statistics in scene categorization (Loschky, Hansen, Sethi, & Pydimarri, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The use of higher-order statistics in rapid object categorization in natural scenes

Banno

Saiki

2015

Journal of Vision

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We can rapidly and efficiently recognize many types of objects embedded in complex scenes. What information supports this object recognition is a fundamental question for understanding our visual processing. We investigated the eccentricity-dependent role of shape and statistical information for ultrarapid object categorization, using the higher-order statistics proposed by Portilla and Simoncelli (2000). Synthesized textures computed by their algorithms have the same higher-order statistics as the originals, while the global shapes were destroyed. We used the synthesized textures to manipulate the availability of shape information separately from the statistics. We hypothesized that shape makes a greater contribution to central vision than to peripheral vision and that statistics show the opposite pattern. Results did not show contributions clearly biased by eccentricity. Statistical information demonstrated a robust contribution not only in peripheral but also in central vision. For shape, the results supported the contribution in both central and peripheral vision. Further experiments revealed some interesting properties of the statistics. They are available for a limited time, attributable to the presence or absence of animals without shape, and predict how easily humans detect animals in original images. Our data suggest that when facing the time constraint of categorical processing, higher-order statistics underlie our significant performance for rapid categorization, irrespective of eccentricity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The use of higher-order statistics in rapid object categorization in natural scenes

Banno

Saiki

2015

Journal of Vision

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“…Whereas this proved to be the case for shape-preserved targets, we observed a significant decrease in guidance to noise-seed targets. Although it is not yet known whether this limitation of a noise-seed will generalize to free viewing tasks and scenes (but see Loschky, Hansen, Sethi, & Pydimari, 2010), our finding should serve as a cautionary note to studies assuming information equivalence between unaltered stimuli and stimuli synthesized from a noise-seed (e.g., Rosenholtz, et al, 2012). It might also be the case that summary statistics are adequate for describing search guidance, and that the difference reported here between unaltered and noise-seed targets reflects instead a failure of the current synthesis method to fully capture these statistics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Are summary statistics enough? Evidence for the importance of shape in guiding visual search

2014

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Peripheral vision outside the focus of attention may rely on summary statistics. We used a gaze-contingent paradigm to directly test this assumption by asking whether search performance differed between targets and statistically-matched visualizations of the same targets. Four-object search displays included one statistically-matched object that was replaced by an unaltered version of the object during the first eye movement. Targets were designated by previews, which were never altered. Two types of statistically-matched objects were tested: One that maintained global shape and one that did not. Differences in guidance were found between targets and statistically-matched objects when shape was not preserved, suggesting that they were not informationally equivalent. Responses were also slower after target fixation when shape was not preserved, suggesting an extrafoveal processing of the target that again used shape information. We conclude that summary statistics must include some global shape information to approximate the peripheral information used during search.

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“…However, more recent studies have suggested that conceptual masking may be less important than was previously thought (Loschky et al, 2010). Loschky et al found that when the interstimulus interval between the target image and the mask was 82 ms, a mask comprising natural scene textures was almost as effective at masking the identity of a target image of a natural scene as a mask comprising a second natural scene (i.e., a natural-scene mask).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Potter et al's (2014) use of natural scenes as masks was not without justification. Natural scenes had previously been used as masks in visual detection studies (Intraub, 1984;Potter, 1976) and been found to be the most effective masks in a study that compared four different mask types (natural scenes, scene textures, phase-randomized scenes, and white noise; Loschky, Hansen, Sethi, & Pydimarri, 2010). However, many of the natural scenes used by Potter et al (2014) contained extended areas where there were no high contrast edges (e.g., expanses of sky).…”

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confidence: 99%

Failure to detect meaning in RSVP at 27 ms per picture

Maguire

Howe

2016

Atten Percept Psychophys

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The human visual system has the remarkable ability to rapidly detect meaning from visual stimuli. Potter, Wyble, Hagmann, and McCourt (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 76, 270-279, 2014) tested the minimum viewing time required to obtain meaning from a stream of pictures shown in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sequence containing either six or 12 pictures. They reported that observers could detect the presence of a target picture specified by name (e.g., smiling couple) even when the pictures in the sequence were presented for just 13 ms each. Potter et al. claimed that this was insufficient time for feedback processing to occur, so feedforward processing alone must be able to generate conscious awareness of the target pictures. A potential confound in their study is that the pictures in the RSVP sequence sometime contained areas with no high-contrast edges, and so may not have adequately masked each other. Consequently, iconic memories of portions of the target pictures may have persisted in the visual system, thereby increasing the effective presentation time. Our study addressed this issue by redoing the Potter et al. study, but using four different types of masks. We found that when adequate masking was used, no evidence emerged that observers could detect the presence of a specific target picture, even when each picture in the RSVP sequence was presented for 27 ms. On the basis of these findings, we cannot rule out the possibility that feedback processing is necessary for individual pictures to be recognized.

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The role of higher order image statistics in masking scene gist recognition

Cited by 42 publications

References 84 publications

The use of higher-order statistics in rapid object categorization in natural scenes

The use of higher-order statistics in rapid object categorization in natural scenes

Are summary statistics enough? Evidence for the importance of shape in guiding visual search

Failure to detect meaning in RSVP at 27 ms per picture

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