The role of human capital, race, gender, and culture on immigrant entrepreneurship in Hong Kong

Sun, Skylar Biyang; Fong, Eric

doi:10.1080/08276331.2021.1959177

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Ramadani et al, 2019). Rather than locating and creating opportunities in isolation, they rely on a complex interconnectedness, including infrastructure, social and cultural forces, resources and consumers (Sun and Fong, 2022;Kentosova et al, 2022). As part of this process, prior studies investigating the resilience and survival of immigrant enterprises have stressed the importance of ethnic ties to their communities and other immigrant entrepreneurs (Dana, 2007;Ramadani et al, 2019).…”

Section: The Role Of Marketing Agilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Existing research argues that immigrant entrepreneurs face varying levels of challenges and hurdles according to their backgrounds (e.g. Aliaga-Isla and Rialp, 2013;Gur au et al, 2020;Sun and Fong, 2022). Immigrant entrepreneurs may also exhibit different levels of risk propensity (Zahra, 2005), which may shape how they operate and survive in their host countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of marketing agility and risk propensity in resilience and survival of eastern European immigrant entrepreneurs in Denmark

Gölgeci

Arslan²,

Kentosová³

et al. 2023

IJEBR

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PurposeWhile extant research has increasingly examined minority entrepreneurs, less attention has been paid to Eastern European immigrant entrepreneurs and the role that marketing agility and risk propensity play in their resilience and survival in Nordic countries. This paper aims to highlight the importance of these factors for Eastern European immigrant entrepreneurs in the developed Nordic economy of Denmark.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts the dynamic capabilities view as a theoretical framework and uses a qualitative research approach with interviews as the main data collection method. The empirical sample comprises 12 entrepreneurs originating from Hungary, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania, who operate in Denmark.FindingsThe findings show that contrary to prior studies that have highlighted a reliance among the migrant entrepreneurial community on ethnic networks as their dominant target market, Eastern European immigrant entrepreneurs located in Denmark, in contrast, focused on attracting Danish consumers as their target market audience. Leveraging multiple networks was therefore found to be critical to the survival of these immigrant ventures. Additionally, the entrepreneurs' marketing agility, underpinned by their optimistic approach, growth ambitions and passion for entrepreneurship, was found to play a pivotal role in their survival. Finally, despite the stable institutional environment in Denmark and the ease of doing business (both of which are influential factors in shaping the risk propensity and risk perception of entrepreneurs), the authors found immigrant entrepreneurs' risk propensity to be rather low, which was contrary to the expectations.Originality/valueThe current paper is one of the first studies that explicitly analyzes the roles of marketing agility and risk propensity in the resilience and survival of the ventures of relatively skilled immigrant entrepreneurs from Eastern Europe in a developed Nordic economy (Denmark). The paper's findings also challenge the notion associated with immigrant entrepreneurial ventures being primarily focused on ethnic customers or enclaves. The paper also specifies the peculiarities of marketing agility in immigrant entrepreneurial contexts and solidifies the importance of diverse networks in immigrant business survival and development.

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Section: The Role Of Marketing Agilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of marketing agility and risk propensity in resilience and survival of eastern European immigrant entrepreneurs in Denmark

Gölgeci

Arslan²,

Kentosová³

et al. 2023

IJEBR

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“…S.R.S.Pirzada, PhD Thesis, Aston University 2022 1.3.1 Human Capital Theory presented the human capital theory, which argued that individuals' human capital factors like education, knowledge, experience, or skills improve their effectiveness. The human capital theory emphasises the founder's characteristics that aid entrepreneurial development (Sun and Fong, 2021). Utilising the human capital theory, researchers have further developed it to examine different human capital aspects associated with entrepreneurial success (Martin, McNally and Kay, 2013;Unger et al, 2011).…”

Section: Human Capitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By using the human capital constructs, I have provided theoretical insights into their relationship to the duration of profitable venture creation, and have extended the human capital theory to also predict duration gains (speed to profitability) by individuals with higher human capital. Additionally, as the human capital theory focuses on individual factors (Sun and Fong, 2021), I have empirically shown which human capital factors are more conducive to profitable venture creation in a shorter period. Therefore, this study will feed well into the research priority among academics and practitioners to enhance their ability to predict venture outcomes (Rauch and Rijsdijk, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Founder's Human Capital and the Entrepreneurial Process Duration

Shahid¹

2023

Preprint

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This thesis presents three quantitative empirical studies, utilising two US cohorts from the harmonised Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED), to advance our understanding of the relationship between nascent entrepreneurs’ human capital and duration to different entrepreneurial outcomes. Each chapter provides a distinct perspective across three dimensions: (1) human capital, age and sector impact duration to a profitable outcome, (2) the association of human capital and age with the founder’s exit; and finally, (3) human capital impact on the duration to a profitable outcome with a different spatial scope of sales. Following the introductory chapter, in chapter 2, the human capital perspective is used to investigate how the level of human capital and the founder’s age influence the likelihood of profitable venture creation in a shorter duration. This chapter extends research in nascent entrepreneurship that hitherto has largely overlooked the duration perspective to an entrepreneurial process outcome. This chapter stresses that hi-tech start-up particularly benefits from the nascent entrepreneur’s higher educational attainment in terms of shorter duration until the profitable outcome, and find that age has a non-linear relationship with the speed of the profitable venture outcome. Chapter 3 examines how a founder’s human capital factors and age influence the likelihood of a founder’s exit, and duration to an exit, from the entrepreneurial process. This chapter also extends its focus to human capital interactions to establish which combinations are more likely to reduce an earlier prospect of a founder’s disengagement from the entrepreneurial process. The chapter, also adds to the literature on how founders, with higher human capital, learn quickly and make intelligent choices to disengage without incurring heavy personal and societal costs. A non-linear relationship is found between the founder’s age and the duration to disengagement. Finally, chapter 4, seeks to understand how a founder’s human capital affects the profitable outcome, and the duration to such an outcome, at the different spatial scopes of sales. This paper takes a new approach and adds to the international entrepreneurship literature by clarifying how the founder’s human capital factors impact rapid (born global) and incremental (international new ventures) spatial scope strategies differently. Among the general human capital, a university degree is valuable across all types of spatial scopes of sales in terms of profitable venture creation in a shorter duration. However, start-up experience (specific human capital) only tends to be vital for international scope in terms of the shorter duration to create a profitable new venture. Altogether, the thesis advances our understanding of the important role of the founder’s human capital dimensions in nascent entrepreneurship, in the duration either to a profitable venture creation or to exit, which is underdeveloped in the existing literature. The thesis paves the way for future, both theoretical and empirical research, into nascent entrepreneurship process duration by analysing the direct effects of various aspects of social capital.

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The Promise and Limits of Self-Employment as a Path to Fulfillment and Well-Being at Work

Pergelova,

Zwiegelaar,

Beck

2023

The Palgrave Handbook of Fulfillment, Wellness, and Personal Growth at Work

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The role of human capital, race, gender, and culture on immigrant entrepreneurship in Hong Kong

Cited by 7 publications

References 61 publications

The role of marketing agility and risk propensity in resilience and survival of eastern European immigrant entrepreneurs in Denmark

The role of marketing agility and risk propensity in resilience and survival of eastern European immigrant entrepreneurs in Denmark

Founder's Human Capital and the Entrepreneurial Process Duration

The Promise and Limits of Self-Employment as a Path to Fulfillment and Well-Being at Work

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