The Role of Hydrogen and H2 Mobility on the Green Transition of Islands: The Case of Anafi (Greece)

Abstract

The holistic green energy transition of non-interconnected islands faces several challenges if all the energy sectors are included, i.e., electricity, heating/cooling, and mobility. On the one hand, the penetration of renewable energy systems (RES) is limited due to design restrictions with respect to the peak demand. On the other hand, energy-intensive heating and mobility sectors pose significant challenges and may be difficult to electrify. The focus of this study is on implementing a hybrid Wind–PV system on the non-interconnected island of Anafi (Greece) that utilizes surplus renewable energy production for both building heating through heat pumps and hydrogen generation. This comprehensive study aims to achieve a holistic green transition by addressing all three main sectors—electricity, heating, and transportation. The produced hydrogen is utilized to address the energy needs of the mobility sector (H2 mobility), focusing primarily on public transportation vehicles (buses) and secondarily on private vehicles. The overall RES production was modeled to be 91,724 MWh with a RES penetration of 84.68%. More than 40% of the produced electricity from RES was in the form of excess electricity that could be utilized for hydrogen generation. The modeled generated hydrogen was simulated to be more than 40 kg H2/day, which could cover all four bus routes of the island and approximately 200 cars for moderate use, i.e., traveled distances of less than 25 km/day for each vehicle.

A Fuzzy Cognitive Map and PESTEL-Based Approach to Mitigate CO2 Urban Mobility: The Case of Larissa, Greece

“…The Greek government has been promoting policies for stricter emission standards, incentives for electric vehicles, and regulations to increase government funding and support for the development and improvement of sustainable public transportation systems [6,35,36].…”

“…At the same time, economic activity and automobile mobility are expanding quickly in modern cities, but this rapid growth has come at an unparalleled cost in terms of raising the environmental burden and lowering the quality of life [4]. This emphasizes how important it is to create sustainable transportation systems in metropolitan areas to avoid risks in transportation [5], so that citizens can have a healthy environment and social lives in addition to achieving all mobility sustainability goals [6]. The following key features must govern any sustainable urban mobility system: (a) make it possible to address the basic requirements of people and society in a way that is safe and compatible with environmental health and human equity; (b) encourage the use of affordable and effective transportation options in order to foster economic growth; and (c) impose emission and waste restrictions in order to diminish the consumption of non-renewable resources and reduce land use while increasing recycling at all levels [7].…”

Cold Ironing and the Study of RES Utilization for Maritime Electrification on Lesvos Island Port

“…There is a lack of specific data for the power demand that is necessary for such operations and-to date-studies have not provided monitoring data that would allow such calculations. In addition, there are limitations of small-scale grids that need to be assessed prior to the electric transition of ports and transportation [18]. The scope of this study is the utilization of real monitoring data from the port of Lesvos in order to assess the power demand of a potential cold ironing application in order to provide a blueprint for the green transition of ports.…”