The role of hydrogen for future internal combustion engines

Hydroxide ion-conducting metal–organic frameworks for anion-exchange membrane applications

“…Its advantages include the highest energy density of all known substances by weight (120 kJ mol -1 ), availability -it is the most common element in the universe, it is within the five most abundant elements on Earth and water in particular is a plentiful source of it. Furthermore, hydrogen is unrivalled in the versatility of ways it may be utilised for energy conversion and storage, it may be combusted 4 , electrochemically oxidised in a fuel cell 5 , it may also be used as a reactant to form fuels such as liquid hydrocarbons 6 , which processes may take place through a variety of reaction types ranging from thermally to (photo-)electrochemically driven reactions. As a matter of fact, the hydrogen economy has been highlighted as particularly appealing as it may be included in a completely carbon-free cycle 7 , provided it is generated photo/electro-chemically, i.e.…”

Decarbonisation of heavy-duty diesel engines using hydrogen fuel: a review of the potential impact on NOx emissions

“…This could support the development of a rened 'most likely' outcome for NO x emissions, which alongside real-world testing, may help to determine whether hydrogen-specic NO x standards and therefore additional aertreatment technologies are required. [103][104][105] A larger range of studies would be needed for this analysis if uncertainties in projections were to be narrowed.…”

Metodología predictiva para optimizar el comportamiento del autoencendido en la transformación de motores a combustibles gaseosos

“…La manera de considerar esta variable es utilizando el tiempo corregido de combustión propuesto en la ecuación (4). Por lo tanto utilizando la misma expresión es posible realizar el mismo análisis corrigiendo por el combustible, ecuación (6).…”

“…Las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero (GEI), producidas en una gran proporción por la combustión de combustibles fósiles, son las responsables de este efecto según estudios [4]. Dentro de estas emisiones, los motores de combustión interna aportan el 17% del total [5], [6], por lo que es imperioso reducir esas emisiones en el corto plazo. Al mismo tiempo, diferentes ciudades y países han acordado reemplazar los motores de combustión interna por motorizaciones eléctricas [7], sin embargo, análisis independientes [8] proyectan que al año 2050 el 31% de los vehículos a nivel mundial utilizará motorización eléctrica, mientras que el resto del flota seguirá utilizando combustibles tradicionales.…”