The Role of Hypermasculinity, Token Resistance, Rape Myth, and Assertive Sexual Consent Communication Among College Men

Shafer, Autumn; Ortiz, Rebecca; Thompson, Bailey; Huemmer, Jennifer

doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.015

Cited by 62 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…This type of standard rests on the notions that both men and women will be candid and explicit in communicating consent [ 19 ] and that the person initiating sexual activity would respect sexual refusals. Research suggests that some men may feel competent in sexual assertiveness (i.e., willing and able to engage in clear communication to obtain sexual consent), which was associated with interpreting sexual assault and sexual consent situations appropriately [ 147 ]. Yet, other men that endorse token resistance and rape myth acceptance, which are predictors of rape, had significant negative associations with interpretation of sexual consent in complex scenarios and rape myth acceptance was negatively associated with intentions to obtain consent [ 147 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research suggests that some men may feel competent in sexual assertiveness (i.e., willing and able to engage in clear communication to obtain sexual consent), which was associated with interpreting sexual assault and sexual consent situations appropriately [ 147 ]. Yet, other men that endorse token resistance and rape myth acceptance, which are predictors of rape, had significant negative associations with interpretation of sexual consent in complex scenarios and rape myth acceptance was negatively associated with intentions to obtain consent [ 147 ]. Similarly, as indicated from the research outlined above, most women have a difficult time navigating the power dynamics inherent in heterosexual sex to say no to sex that they do not want, and in many cases are already providing consent to sex that they do not want sometimes as a result of VSC following sexual refusal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It could be that men believe that women’s resistance was ‘token’. Token resistance beliefs were found to have a significant negative association with interpreting a sexual assault in consent scenarios (e.g., one partner pressured the other into having sex when he or she did not want to) [ 147 ]. In this study, both token resistance and rape myth acceptance had significant negative associations with interpretation of sexual consent in complex scenarios [ 147 ].…”

Section: Consentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Token resistance beliefs were found to have a significant negative association with interpreting a sexual assault in consent scenarios (e.g., one partner pressured the other into having sex when he or she did not want to) [ 147 ]. In this study, both token resistance and rape myth acceptance had significant negative associations with interpretation of sexual consent in complex scenarios [ 147 ]. Interestingly, a protective factor to this was sexual communication assertiveness as this was positively associated with correctly perceiving sexual assault and sexual consent scenarios.…”

Section: Consentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, a protective factor to this was sexual communication assertiveness as this was positively associated with correctly perceiving sexual assault and sexual consent scenarios. That is, in cases where men reported that they are willing and able to engage in clear communication to obtain sexual consent, this was positively associated with interpreting sexual assault and sexual consent situations appropriately [ 147 ].…”

Section: Consentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring Definitions and Prevalence of Verbal Sexual Coercion and Its Relationship to Consent to Unwanted Sex: Implications for Affirmative Consent Standards on College Campuses

Pugh

Becker

2018

Behavioral Sciences

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Campus sexual assault is a pervasive issue impacting the well-being, quality of life, and education of all students. There have been many recent efforts to prevent and address campus sexual assault, most notably the adoption of affirmative consent standards. (1) Efforts to address sexual assault on college campuses through an affirmative consent standard could be undermined by traditional gender norms, sexual scripts, and the power dynamics inherent in heterosexual relations, which lead to situations in which many women provide consent to unwanted sex. (2) Studies indicate that college women are likely to experience verbal sexual coercion, yet research has failed to come to a consensus on how to define, operationalize, and study verbal sexual coercion. (3) Research on sexual consent is also lacking, in particular as it relates to consent to unwanted sex as a result of the presence of verbal sexual coercion. (4) This article discusses how multiple forms of unwanted sex can be conceptually examined. (5) Policy implications and areas for future research are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Exploring Definitions and Prevalence of Verbal Sexual Coercion and Its Relationship to Consent to Unwanted Sex: Implications for Affirmative Consent Standards on College Campuses

Pugh

Becker

2018

Behavioral Sciences

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Is the link between the Dark Tetrad and the acceptance of sexual violence mediated by sexual machismo?

Costa,

Fávero,

Moreira

et al. 2023

Aggressive Behavior

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Previous studies have established relationships between the Dark Tetrad traits and sexual violence and its acceptance through myths about this type of violence. Sexual violence is positively associated with machismo, with sexist beliefs having been found to be linked with the Dark Tetrad and with the acceptance of sexual violence. Using a community sample comprising 362 adults between the ages of 18 and 70 (M = 35.6, SD = 14.3) and three self‐report measures, this cross‐sectional study aimed to explore the mediating role of sexual machismo in the relationship between each of the Dark Tetrad traits and the acceptance of sexual violence, both in the overall sample and by gender, as well as whether a significant variance in this acceptance is explained by the “dark” traits, sexual machismo, and gender. In the regression, sexual machismo (the male) gender, and only Machiavellianism were uniquely associated with the acceptance of sexual violence, and sexual machismo partially mediated the associations between the Dark Tetrad and the acceptance of sexual violence. These findings indicate that being male and higher in sexism is more closely linked with the acceptance of sexual violence than most Dark Tetrad traits. Moreover, the associations between the Dark Tetrad, sexual machismo, and the acceptance of sexual violence were stronger in men, consistent with the notion that these traits facilitate a “male” exploitive mating strategy, which likely also extends to victim‐blaming and positive attitudes about sexual violence more broadly. Lastly, the results emphasize the pervasiveness of beliefs about male superiority over women and its relationship with victim‐blaming even in women.

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The Role of Hypermasculinity as a Risk Factor in Sexual Assault Perpetration

Vechiu

2019

Handbook of Sexual Assault and Sexual Assault Prevention

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The Role of Hypermasculinity, Token Resistance, Rape Myth, and Assertive Sexual Consent Communication Among College Men

Abstract: Programs seeking to improve sexual consent communication among college men should reduce destructive beliefs and encourage sexually assertive communication.

Cited by 62 publications

References 31 publications

Exploring Definitions and Prevalence of Verbal Sexual Coercion and Its Relationship to Consent to Unwanted Sex: Implications for Affirmative Consent Standards on College Campuses

Exploring Definitions and Prevalence of Verbal Sexual Coercion and Its Relationship to Consent to Unwanted Sex: Implications for Affirmative Consent Standards on College Campuses

Is the link between the Dark Tetrad and the acceptance of sexual violence mediated by sexual machismo?

The Role of Hypermasculinity as a Risk Factor in Sexual Assault Perpetration

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