Solid particle erosion is a significant threat to the integrity and performance of polymer-based materials in a variety of industrial applications. This review illustrates the mechanisms, influencing factors, and protective methods associated with solid particle erosion in polymer composites. The study delves into three critical aspects of erosion protection in polymer composites: erosion mechanisms, key influencing factors, and the reinforcement effect in polymers. Furthermore, the review provides valuable insights into the current state development of erosion-resistant polymer composites and their role in protecting polymer composites from solid particle erosion. In summary, the study outlines future research and development directions in erosion-resistant polymer composites, paving the way for innovative solutions to the challenges posed by solid particle erosion in polymers. This research contributes to the foundation for further exploration and application of erosion-resistant polymer composites, fostering increased reliability and performance across a variety of industries.