The Role of Innate Immune Cells in Allergen Immunotherapy

Jin, Ling; Li, Wenjing; Zhu, Rongfei

doi:10.1007/s40521-023-00337-6

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Thus, it would also be expected that IL-10+ILC2 levels are increased in atopic subjects following successful allergen immunotherapy (AIT) [81]. A different study found that AIT can induce long-term immune tolerance through induction of regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, and inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, promotion of immunoglobulin class switching, and inhibition of Th2 inflammatory response [94]. Furthermore, the frequency of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) was downregulated, but the number of IL-10-producing ILC2 in patients increased by AIT [94].…”

Section: The Role Of Il-10 Expressing Ilc2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A different study found that AIT can induce long-term immune tolerance through induction of regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, and inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, promotion of immunoglobulin class switching, and inhibition of Th2 inflammatory response [94]. Furthermore, the frequency of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) was downregulated, but the number of IL-10-producing ILC2 in patients increased by AIT [94]. In line with this, in a recent prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Golebski et al [81] found that sublingual and subcutaneous AIT for grass pollen allergy increased anti-inflammatory IL-10+ILC2 to levels equivalent to those found in non-atopic individuals [81,95].…”

Section: The Role Of Il-10 Expressing Ilc2mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulatory ILC2—Role of IL-10 Producing ILC2 in Asthma

Emami Fard,

Xiao,

Sehmi

2023

Cells

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Over the past two decades, a growing body of evidence observations have shown group two innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) to be critical drivers of Type 2 (T2) inflammatory responses associated with allergic inflammatory conditions such as asthma. ILC2 releases copious amounts of pro-inflammatory T2 cytokines—interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the newly discovered regulatory subtype of ILC2 described in murine and human mucosal tissue and blood. These KLRG1+ILC2 have the capacity to produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Papers compiled in this review were based on queries of PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 2000 to 2023 using keywords “IL-10” and “ILC2”. Studies with topical relevance to IL-10 production by ILC2 were included. ILC2 responds to microenvironmental cues, including retinoic acid (RA), IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-33, as well as neuropeptide mediators such as neuromedin-U (NMU), prompting a shift towards IL-10 and away from T2 cytokine production. In contrast, TGF-β attenuates IL-10 production by ILC2. Immune regulation provided by IL-10+ILC2s holds potential significance for the management of T2 inflammatory conditions. The observation of context-specific cues that alter the phenotype of ILC warrants examining characteristics of ILC subsets to determine the extent of plasticity or whether the current classification of ILCs requires refinement.

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Section: The Role Of Il-10 Expressing Ilc2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Role Of Il-10 Expressing Ilc2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory ILC2—Role of IL-10 Producing ILC2 in Asthma

Emami Fard,

Xiao,

Sehmi

2023

Cells

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Mannan-, VLP-, and flagellin-based adjuvants for allergen specific immunotherapy: a review of the current literature

Pignard,

Schiller,

Seyffer

et al. 2024

Allergo J

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Mannan‑, VLP-, and flagellin-based adjuvants for allergen-specific immunotherapy: a review of the current literature

Pignard,

Schiller,

Seyffer

et al. 2024

Allergo J Int

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Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) with active ingredients derived from the causative allergen source is the only disease-modifying treatment for allergic patients. However, compared to, e.g., live-attenuated vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases, purified allergens for AIT in many cases display only a low immunogenicity. This reduces treatment efficacy and prolongs treatment duration. Here, adjuvants may be a promising tool, allowing for dose reduction of the respective allergen while increasing immunogenicity of co-applied allergens and/or modulating allergen-specific immune responses toward T helper 1 (Th1) or regulatory phenotypes or the production of blocking antibody isotypes. Currently available adjuvants can be distinguished into first-generation adjuvants (promoting immune responses via aggregation and controlled release of co-applied allergens from a depot) and second-generation adjuvants (triggering immune responses via the activation of pattern recognition receptors expressed by immune cells). This review summarizes the mechanisms and effects of adjuvants currently or previously used for AIT (aluminum hydroxide, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline tyrosine, and monophosphoryl lipid A [MPLA]) and focuses on novel developments using mannan-, virus-like particle (VLP)-, and flagellin-based adjuvants and therapeutics for the treatment of allergic diseases.

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The Role of Innate Immune Cells in Allergen Immunotherapy

Cited by 4 publications

References 86 publications

Regulatory ILC2—Role of IL-10 Producing ILC2 in Asthma

Regulatory ILC2—Role of IL-10 Producing ILC2 in Asthma

Mannan-, VLP-, and flagellin-based adjuvants for allergen specific immunotherapy: a review of the current literature

Mannan‑, VLP-, and flagellin-based adjuvants for allergen-specific immunotherapy: a review of the current literature

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