The
dissociation of nitrogen molecules over the catalyst surface
is often treated as the reaction-limiting step for ammonia synthesis.
Herein, we modified molybdenum carbide with transition metals (Fe
and Co) to successfully shift the rate-determining step from dissociation
of nitrogen molecules to the formation of −NH
x
species on the catalyst surface, which few catalysts have
achieved. These catalysts illustrated stable performance for ammonia
synthesis at ambient pressure. At 520 °C and 1 bar, the specific
activity for Mo2C, Fe/Mo2C, and Co/Mo2C was calculated to be 8.58, 9.78, and 11.73 μmol h–1 m–2, respectively. Co/Mo2C showed the
highest activity owing to its strong electron-donating ability to
dissociate nitrogen molecules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results
suggested a strong interaction between molybdenum in the carbidic
phase and the transition metals, signifying preferred migration of
electrons from the transition metals to the Mo atoms. Such an interfacial
phenomenon resembles to the electron metal–support interaction.
Importantly, orders for hydrogen were positive, revealing that the
catalyst surface was not poisoned by hydrogen. Further, characterization
of spent catalysts disclosed that pyridinic and graphitic C–N
bonds were present on the catalyst surface, which suggests that both
Langmuir–Hinshelwood and Mars–van Krevelen mechanisms
could co-exist and simultaneously contribute to generate ammonia.