The Role of Local People in the Successful Maintenance of Protected Areas in Madagascar

Abstract

In Madagascar, as practically throughout the world, many protected areas were originally created with little consideration for the resource requirements of local people and consequently are now suffering from acute pressure from local exploitation. In an attempt to redress the problems, integrated conservation and development projects have been initiated. The original aims to protect a representative ecocomplex are now expected to be achieved by understanding people's requirements and enhancing traditional practices or providing alternatives, and the aims have been expanded to promote the sustainable use of resources also outside of reserves.These two projects, at Andohahela and Soalala, are duly considered, using a framework that has been developed to understand local people's behaviour in relation to resources. Economic, energy, cultural, and ecological, factors, acting as interdependent systems, are considered. The economic, energy, and cultural, factors influence each other, acting together to define the values or resources to people and driving their behaviour in relation to those resources. The behaviour affects the ecological system and may alter the availability of useful resources, depending on the level of use and their resilience. The availability of resources affects the energetic effort required to collect them, so establishing a feedback link.The aims of the projects are to establish ecological equilibria that protect the reserves and enable sustainable use to be made of resources outside the reserve. To achieve these goals they must influence people's behaviour suitably. Strategies include strengthening feedback from the ecological system, and providing energy or economic incentives. Development activities which aim to promote sustainable use of resources and protect biodiversity, through maintenance of the protected area, are assessed. Many projects give a high priority to income generation and improved access to social services; however, the conservation aims of a project often require a better targeted, resource management-based development package. This paper advocates the consideration of economic, energy, ecological, and above all cultural, factors in the design of effective activities for conservation and development projects.

Peoples’ Perception and Conservation of <i>Dactylorhiza hatagirea</i> (D. Don) Soó in Manaslu Conservation Area, Central Nepal

“…The present study has attempted to highlight the use of D. hatagirea being practiced for many generations by the local people and the unfortunate failure of management authorities to capitalize on such tradition to achieve conservation goals in MCAP. It has often been recorded that such a situation arises mainly due to ignorance of the human needs and aspirations in the initial planning of protected areas, often leading to the conflicts between indigenous people and managers which is common in majority of protected areas in third world countries [35].…”

Forest Management in Madagascar: An Historical Overview

“…As a result, the Malagasy government and other actors interested in sustainable forest management began to look for new legal structures and institutional arrangements for forest governance. This trend reflects a global move toward more bottom -up, democratic, and participatory methods for designing and implementing natural resource -related policies and programs in developing countries (Durbin and Ralambo 1994;Peters 1998;Brechin et al 1991;Chambers 1997). …”

The Primates of the Baly Bay Area, North-Western Madagascar

“…It may also be hunted heavily where it occurs near villages. Surveys to estimate local population size and to assess habitat requirements of this species would be valuable in identifying key habitat blocks, and a campaign to increase local awareness of the rarity of the taxon, as has been conducted with great success with the Angonoka [5][6][7], might reduce hunting levels and habitat destruction.…”

“…Since 1983, the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust (JWPT) has conducted field studies of, and searches for, this species over the whole area [5][6][7]. In addition, much incidental information was gathered on the status and distribution of the birds, mammals and reptiles [8][9][10][11][12].…”