The role of melatonin in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)

Abstract

The cause of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in humans remains obscure and probably multifactorial. At present, there is no proven method or test available to identify children or adolescent at risk of developing AIS or identify which of the affected individuals are at risk of progression. Reported associations are linked in pathogenesis rather than etiologic factors. Melatonin may play a role in the pathogenesis of scoliosis (neuroendocrine hypothesis), but at present, the data available cannot clearly show the role of melatonin in producing scoliosis in humans. The data regarding human melatonin levels are mixed at best, and the melatonin deficiency as a causative factor in the etiology of scoliosis cannot be supported. It will be an important issue of future research to investigate the role of melatonin in human biology, the clinical efficacy, and safety of melatonin under different pathological situations. Research is needed to better define the role of all factors in AIS development.

Electrophysiological and histological changes of paraspinal muscles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

“…Some authors believe that the main role is played by disturbances of oculovestibular proprioception and sensorimotor disintegration in the central nervous system [4,5]. Connective tissue abnormality, abnormal biomechanical forces, neurophysiologic predisposition, or an increase in calmodulin or decrease in melatonin [6] during puberty are also discussed in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Apart from epigenetic modification, environmental factors may influence idiopathic scoliosis, too [1].…”

Generalized Ligamentous Laxity; a Parameter Should not to be Forgotten in Preoperative Planning of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

“…AIS is one of the most common spinal deformities with no definite etiology, although there are some probable causes reported to be important in creating and exaggerating it (1, 2). The deformity can be treated with observation alone, bracing or surgery.…”

The genetic epidemiology of idiopathic scoliosis

“…However, the lack of any significant differences in melatonin levels between IS patients and controls suggested that IS in humans might be caused by other components of the melatonin signaling pathway [58]. Therefore, the genes encoding melatonin receptors 1A ( MTNR1A ; Mel - 1A - R ) and 1B ( MTNR1B ; MT2 ; Mel - 1B - R ) were tested as candidates.…”