“…Microbial adhesion and establishment of a complex community of microorganisms (microfouling) are prerequisites for substantial degradation of the underelying materials (Walch, 1992;Gu and Mitchell, 2013). Since all surfaces may act as substrata for formation of these biofilms (Costerton et al, 1995;Geesey and White, 1990;Marshall, 1980), subsequent attack of materials by microorganisms can take place either directly or indirectly, depending on a combination of factors (Gu et al, 1998;Gu et al, 2011a, b). In addition, other factors affecting the physical environment also influence the extent of bacterial adhesion on surfaces, including ionic strength of the solution, type of cation, hydrodynamic force, and surface properties, e.g., hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity.…”