The role of monocytes in thrombotic diseases: a review

Abstract

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the number one killer threatening people's life and health, among which cardiovascular thrombotic events are the most common. As the cause of particularly serious cardiovascular events, thrombosis can trigger fatal crises such as acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction and unstable angina), cerebral infarction and so on. Circulating monocytes are an important part of innate immunity. Their main physiological functions are phagocytosis, removal of injured and senescent cells and their debris, and development into macrophages and dendritic cells. At the same time, they also participate in the pathophysiological processes of pro-coagulation and anticoagulation. According to recent studies, monocytes have been found to play a significant role in thrombosis and thrombotic diseases of the immune system. In this manuscript, we review the relationship between monocyte subsets and cardiovascular thrombotic events and analyze the role of monocytes in arterial thrombosis and their involvement in intravenous thrombolysis. Finally, we summarize the mechanism and therapeutic regimen of monocyte and thrombosis in hypertension, antiphospholipid syndrome, atherosclerosis, rheumatic heart disease, lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, and diabetic nephropathy.

Association of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with the occurrence of venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis

“…Multivariate regression analysis showed that patients with a high NLR (4.44) had a 2-fold higher risk of AT than those with an NLR < 4. 44 suggested that this association depended on the type of artery. This study indicated that a high NLR is related to a large cerebral artery with atherosclerosis, but it is not related to a small cerebral vessel.…”

“…The role of monocytes in the pathogenesis of thrombosis is recognized; however, few studies have focused on the differences between AT subgroups. 44 Inflammation and NETs have been associated with thrombosis (VTE and AT). Studies were carried out to examine whether a high NLR may be a predictor of thrombosis.…”

“…The role of monocytes in the pathogenesis of thrombosis is recognized; however, few studies have focused on the differences between AT subgroups. 44…”

The Crossroads of the Coagulation System and the Immune System: Interactions and Connections

“…Monocytes/macrophages also participate in removing apoptotic cells and tissue debris, contributing to the resolution of inflammation. Due to the diverse functions that monocytes or macrophages perform during the development of inflammation and regulation of the coagulation cascade and tissue regeneration, dysregulation of their functions may affect coagulation disorders and thrombotic diseases such as Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) [ 74 , 89 , 90 ] and Pulmonary Embolism (PE) [ 90 , 91 ], Arterial Thrombosis [ 92 , 93 ], Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) [ 94 ], Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) [ 95 , 96 ], or Thrombotic Microangiopathies [ 97 , 98 ], highlighting the importance of understanding their interaction with the coagulation system ( Table 2 ).…”

“…In doing so, monocytes and macrophages release TF, a key initiator of the coagulation cascade, leading to local activation of the clotting system and thrombus formation. Additionally, macrophages secrete various cytokines and growth factors that modulate endothelial function and contribute to the prothrombotic milieu [ 92 ].…”