The Role of Mosquito Hemocytes in Viral Infections

Cardoso-Jaime, Víctor; Tikhe, Chinmay Vijay; Dong, Shao-Jing; Dimopoulos, George

doi:10.3390/v14102088

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…Prohemocytes are the main targets of DENV infection (Cheng et al, 2022 ), suggesting their role as viral amplifiers. In addition, the expression of specific lectins by hemocytes favors the infection of other tissue cells (Cardoso-Jaime et al, 2022 ), leading to their spread to the adipose tissue, nervous system where the viral infection is controlled by the neural factor Hikaru genki (AaHig) to avoid deleterious effects on the mosquito (Xiao et al, 2015 ), and ovarioles (involved in vertical transmission). Infection of salivary gland epithelial cells and escape to saliva by passing through the salivary gland infection barrier (SGIB) allows for viral inoculation during the next bite (Moncada et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Mosquitoes and Arbovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tangled threesome: understanding arbovirus infection in Aedes spp. and the effect of the mosquito microbiota

Mantilla-Granados,

Castellanos,

Velandia-Romero

2024

Front. Microbiol.

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Arboviral infections transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes are a major threat to human health, particularly in tropical regions but are expanding to temperate regions. The ability of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to transmit multiple arboviruses involves a complex relationship between mosquitoes and the virus, with recent discoveries shedding light on it. Furthermore, this relationship is not solely between mosquitoes and arboviruses, but also involves the mosquito microbiome. Here, we aimed to construct a comprehensive review of the latest information about the arbovirus infection process in A. aegypti and A. albopictus, the source of mosquito microbiota, and its interaction with the arbovirus infection process, in terms of its implications for vectorial competence. First, we summarized studies showing a new mechanism for arbovirus infection at the cellular level, recently described innate immunological pathways, and the mechanism of adaptive response in mosquitoes. Second, we addressed the general sources of the Aedes mosquito microbiota (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) during their life cycle, and the geographical reports of the most common microbiota in adults mosquitoes. How the microbiota interacts directly or indirectly with arbovirus transmission, thereby modifying vectorial competence. We highlight the complexity of this tripartite relationship, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic conditions at different geographical scales, with many gaps to fill and promising directions for developing strategies to control arbovirus transmission and to gain a better understanding of vectorial competence. The interactions between mosquitoes, arboviruses and their associated microbiota are yet to be investigated in depth.

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Section: Mosquitoes and Arbovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tangled threesome: understanding arbovirus infection in Aedes spp. and the effect of the mosquito microbiota

Mantilla-Granados,

Castellanos,

Velandia-Romero

2024

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Hemocytes (HC) are immune cells that circulate in the hemolymph (Figure 2C) and play a central role in the mosquito immune response -the exact nature of which varies by class of HC (15,16,18,30,31). Much like EEs, hemocytes have not been characterized in Cx.…”

Section: Characterization Of CX Tarsalis Midgut Secretory and Immune ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A single-cell atlas of theCulex tarsalismidgut during West Nile virus infection

Fitzmeyer,

Dutt,

Pinaud

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The mosquito midgut functions as a key interface between pathogen and vector. However, studies of midgut physiology and associated virus infection dynamics are scarce, and inCulex tarsalis- an extremely efficient vector of West Nile virus (WNV) - nonexistent. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing onCx. tarsalismidguts, defined multiple cell types, and determined whether specific cell types are more permissive to WNV infection. We identified 20 cell states comprised of 8 distinct cell types, consistent with existing descriptions ofDrosophilaandAedes aegyptimidgut physiology. Most midgut cell populations were permissive to WNV infection. However, there were higher levels of WNV RNA (vRNA) in enteroendocrine cells and cells enriched for mitochondrial genes, suggesting enhanced replication in these populations. In contrast, proliferating intestinal stem cell (ISC) populations had the lowest levels of vRNA, a finding consistent with studies suggesting ISC proliferation in the midgut is involved in viral control. Notably, we did not detect significant WNV-infection induced upregulation of canonical mosquito antiviral immune genes (e.g., AGO2, R2D2, etc.) at the whole-midgut level. Rather, we observed a significant positive correlation between immune gene expression levels and vRNA in individual cells, suggesting that within midgut cells, high levels of vRNA may trigger antiviral responses. Our findings establish aCx. tarsalismidgut cell atlas, and provide insight into midgut infection dynamics of WNV by characterizing cell-type specific enhancement/restriction of, and immune response to, infection at the single-cell level.

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“…There are a large number of reviews in the last 10 years related to insect vector immunity including e.g., [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Most of these deal with a single group, genus or species of vector insects or even just with one key aspect of immunity such as the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), signal molecules or infections caused by one particular parasite or pathogen.…”

Section: Introduction—the Good the Bad And The Incredible About The I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens

Ratcliffe,

Mello,

Castro

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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This overview initially describes insect immune reactions and then brings together present knowledge of the interactions of vector insects with their invading parasites and pathogens. It is a way of introducing this Special Issue with subsequent papers presenting the latest details of these interactions in each particular group of vectors. Hopefully, this paper will fill a void in the literature since brief descriptions of vector immunity have now been brought together in one publication and could form a starting point for those interested and new to this important area. Descriptions are given on the immune reactions of mosquitoes, blackflies, sandflies, tsetse flies, lice, fleas and triatomine bugs. Cellular and humoral defences are described separately but emphasis is made on the co-operation of these processes in the completed immune response. The paper also emphasises the need for great care in extracting haemocytes for subsequent study as appreciation of their fragile nature is often overlooked with the non-sterile media, smearing techniques and excessive centrifugation sometimes used. The potential vital role of eicosanoids in the instigation of many of the immune reactions described is also discussed. Finally, the priming of the immune system, mainly in mosquitoes, is considered and one possible mechanism is presented.

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The Role of Mosquito Hemocytes in Viral Infections

Cited by 9 publications

References 157 publications

A tangled threesome: understanding arbovirus infection in Aedes spp. and the effect of the mosquito microbiota

A tangled threesome: understanding arbovirus infection in Aedes spp. and the effect of the mosquito microbiota

A single-cell atlas of theCulex tarsalismidgut during West Nile virus infection

Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens

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