“…In addition to the Swedish study, larger SES achievement gaps among boys than girls have been observed in several studies in several Western countries: Denmark, the United Kingdom, and the United States ( Entwisle et al, 2007 ; Penner and Paret, 2008 ; Mensah and Kiernan, 2010 ; Glaesser and Cooper, 2012 ; Brenøe and Lundberg, 2018 ; Autor et al, 2019 ). However, this finding was not replicated in several other studies, similarly conducted in Western countries: New Zealand, Norway, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States ( Gibb et al, 2008 ; Fryer and Levitt, 2010 ; Strand, 2014 ; Lenes et al, 2022 ; McGinnity et al, 2022 ). Thus, while theorists have predicted larger SES achievement gaps among boys than girls, empirical studies in Western countries have not robustly obtained this finding.…”