The Role of n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, and Interactions with Statins

Bird, Julia K; Calder, Philip C.; Eggersdorfer, Manfred

doi:10.3390/nu10060775

Cited by 61 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is indispensable fatty acid for human(39). It is well known that a lower n6/n3 ratio is better according to the guidelines of the WHO regarding healthy food for humans (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fermented Idesia Polycarpa Residues supplementation on laying performance of Laying Quails

Liu

Shu

et al. 2018

Preprint

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L. Tang). Tel: (028) 8541 7281 Abbreviated Title：A new feeding raw material applying on laying quails.ABSTRACT: Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels (Idesia polycarpa), which is 1 widely distributed in south China, is still underexplored. This study applied Idesia 2 polycarpa defatted fruit (IPF) and Candida utilis to the feed of laying quails using 3 solid-state fermentation. In comparison to the standard diet group, birds fed with 4 mixture of IPF and candida utilis (MIC) showed better production capacity, and the 5 ML group (1% MIC added) achieved the greatest egg mass (9.77 on average; P<0.01) 6 and laying rate (87.7% on average; P<0.01). Compared to the standard diet group, the 7 cholesterol content was lower in both the ML (1% MIC addition groups) and IL (1% 8 IPF addition groups), and 5% MIC added group had higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty 9 acid content. Furthermore, birds given the MIC dietary supplement showed a thicker 10 jejunum wall than the standard diet group. In addition, the related mRNA expression 11 of SRBEP-1, SREBP-2, ATGL, APOVLDL-II which are involved in the fatty acid and 12 cholesterol biosynthesis suggested that the addition of candida utilis could effectively 13 improve the production capacity of laying quails while decrease the negative effects 14 of IPF. This work also demonstrates how MIC can be applied to improve the 15 production of laying quails. 16 IntroductionIdesia polycarpa (Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels) is widely 19 distributed in south China, and it is known for its high-quality edible oil, which has a 20 high content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Moreover, the application of Idesia 21 polycarpa oil in biodiesel production has been demonstrated (1, 2). There have been 22 several studies on Idesia polycarpa fruit, including functional research on Idesia 23 polycarpa fruit extraction and studies on the improvement of the extraction process. 24The remarkable antioxidant qualities, anti-skin-aging ability (3) and anti-adipogenic 25 ability (4) of Idesia polycarpa extracts have been demonstrated, and an optimized 26 extraction method has also been established (5). However, reports on the application 27 of Idesia polycarpa fruit for the other purposes are still limited. In this study, we are 28 tried to apply Idesia polycarpa defatted fruit (IPF) in laying quail's breeding, and for 29 purpose of effective use, solid-fermentation was selected. 30From a historical perspective, phytogenic materials fermented with specific 31 microbe are recognized to benefit farm animals and are described as far back as the 32 beginning of the last century (6, 7). Even now, fermentation is still gaining interest 33 because of its important role in the production of quality feed and the utilization of 34 unexploited feed materials (8, 9). Moreover, based on existing studies, the addition of 35 probiotic could effectively decrease anti-nutritive factors and allergenic proteins (10, 36 11). Furthermore, fermented feed represents a plausible alternative to traditional 37 anti...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fermented Idesia Polycarpa Residues supplementation on laying performance of Laying Quails

Liu

Shu

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…Although EPA and DHA share many biological effects, some differences have been reported. 54,55 The ongoing STRENGTH trial (NCT02104817), which uses a combination of EPA and DHA, may help to clarify the roles of omega-3 PUFAs for secondary prevention of CV events. 82 Although more detailed analyses are needed, the currently available analyses support the conclusion that TG lowering is not the sole mechanism responsible for lowering CV risk among the patients who participated in REDUCE-IT.…”

Section: Was Reduce-it Different?mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Reported biological actions of EPA and DHA extend well beyond TG lowering and include effects expected to be cardioprotective . As summarized by Mozaffarian and Rimm, and shown in Figure , fish oil omega‐3 PUFAs have been linked with reduced blood pressure and heart rate, as well as decreased platelet aggregation .…”

Section: Residual Riskmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It is unknown to what degree these differences in drug formulation account for some of the inconsistencies in CV outcomes across trials. Although EPA and DHA share many biological effects, some differences have been reported . The ongoing STRENGTH trial (NCT02104817), which uses a combination of EPA and DHA, may help to clarify the roles of omega‐3 PUFAs for secondary prevention of CV events …”

Section: Was Reduce‐it Different?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rounding the corner on residual risk: Implications of REDUCE‐IT for omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids treatment in secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Baum

Scholz

2019

Clinical Cardiology

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Patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease remain at increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events even during optimal lipid‐lowering therapy. Recent studies using the methods of Mendelian randomization, as well as analyses of data from large statin trials, have concluded that elevated triglyceride (TG) levels contribute to that increased risk. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega‐3 PUFAs) from fish and shellfish (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) reduce TG levels when added to the diet in sufficient amounts, and they have favorable effects on several other markers of CV risk. However, trials of omega‐3 PUFAs have had inconsistent findings regarding CV risk reduction. Recently, the REDUCE‐IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with EPA‐Intervention Trial) trial reported that treatment of such high‐risk patients with icosapent ethyl, a purified and stabilized ethyl ester of EPA, reduced the risk of the trial's primary CV endpoint by 25% (95% confidence intervals [CI], 32%‐17%; P < .001). To appreciate the clinical implications of this result, it is important to understand how the REDUCE‐IT trial differed from previous trials, especially with regard to patient enrollment criteria and treatment dosing. We discuss these design features relative to other trials. TG lowering can account for only part of the risk reduction seen with icosapent ethyl; we also consider other potential contributory mechanisms.

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“…On the other hand, the properties of some dietary fatty acids have been studied in relation to vascular health, especially n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have exhibited cardioprotective effects . In recent years it has been suggested that some isomers of linoleic acid could have beneficial effects on human health, associated with CVD .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplemented Diet Influences Serum Markers in Orchidectomized Sprague‐Dawley Rats

Rojas

Villalpando

Ferrer

et al. 2020

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Conjugated isomers of linoleic acid have beneficial effects on human health, with demonstrated anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Previous studies have shown that the loss of sex hormones induced by orchidectomy affects vascular function and serum lipids. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on serum lipids, cardiac, renal, and hepatic markers in orchidectomized Sprague‐Dawley rats. Male sex hormone deprivation is induced by orchidectomy to 24‐week‐old rats. The rats are fed a diet containing 1.8% w/w CLA, or a control diet for 8 weeks. At the end of the treatment, serum markers are measured using commercially available kits. The concentrations found in the orchidectomized‐CLA (ORX‐CLA) group of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoproteins (LDL), as well as the atherogenic index, concentrations of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, C‐reactive protein, glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, albumin, calcium, total protein, and bilirubin are significantly lower compared to the orchidectomized‐control (ORX‐C) group. The concentrations of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL), calcium, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin are significantly higher in the ORX‐CLA group than in the ORX‐C group. The CLA‐supplemented diet exerts a beneficial effect on different biochemical parameters negatively affected by orchidectomy, which may result in vascular protection. Practical Applications: The relationship between testosterone deficiency and the alteration of serum lipids is demonstrated; however, it is demonstrated in this study that the markers of renal damage, cardiac damage, and oxidative stress are also negatively affected by the lack of this hormone. This information has enriched the understanding about the relationship between testosterone deficiency and the development of different diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, kidney failure, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. On the other hand, CLA has been studied mainly as a nutraceutical and sports supplement; the information in this study will help to expand the knowledge about the benefits of these isomers of linoleic acid, providing guidelines for its use as a protection against negative effects triggered by orchidectomy.

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The Role of n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, and Interactions with Statins

Cited by 61 publications

References 90 publications

Effects of Fermented Idesia Polycarpa Residues supplementation on laying performance of Laying Quails

Effects of Fermented Idesia Polycarpa Residues supplementation on laying performance of Laying Quails

Rounding the corner on residual risk: Implications of REDUCE‐IT for omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids treatment in secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplemented Diet Influences Serum Markers in Orchidectomized Sprague‐Dawley Rats

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