“…The literature is rich in studies measuring consumers' attitudes toward ads and related factors (Goldsmith, Lafferty, & Newell, 2000;Putrevu & Lord, 1994;Read, van Driel, & Potter, 2018;Sjabadhyni et al, 2021). Consumers carry a fundamental scepticism level (Calfee & Ringold, 1994), and it is acknowledged as an ad-related concept (Obermiller & Spangenberg, 1998).…”