The role of neural connections crossed at the cervical level in determining rhythm and amplitude of respiration in cats and rabbits

Janczewski, Wiktor A.; Karczewski, W

doi:10.1016/0034-5687(90)90016-r

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This is similar to what was found in mammals: contralateral projections exist between respiratory-generating regions (Bouvier et al, 2010;Tan et al, 2010) and from respiratory-generating regions to respiratory motoneurons (Janczewski and Karczewski, 1990;Goshgarian et al, 1991;Duffin and Li, 2006;Tarras-Wahlberg and Rekling, 2009). Some Bötzinger complex neurons were found to project to both the ipsilateral and contralateral brainstem (Ezure et al, 2003), but whether individual pre-BötC and pFRG neurons possess similar complex axonal arborizations remains to be determined.…”

Section: Bilateral Connectionssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The ventral respiratory group and the Bötzinger complex also send efferent projections to the brainstem and spinal cord areas that contain respiratory motoneurons, and some of these connections cross and might participate in the bilateral synchronization of the respiratory rhythm (Feldman et al, 1985;Ellenberger and Feldman, 1988;Janczewski and Karczewski, 1990;Goshgarian et al, 1991;Dobbins and Feldman, 1994;Alheid et al, 2002;Ezure et al, 2003;Li et al, 2003;Duffin and Li, 2006;Tarras-Wahlberg and Rekling, 2009).…”

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confidence: 97%

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Bilateral connectivity in the brainstem respiratory networks of lampreys

Gariépy

Missaghi

Chartré

et al. 2012

J of Comparative Neurology

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This study examines the connectivity in the neural networks controlling respiration in the lampreys, a basal vertebrate. Previous studies have shown that the lamprey paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG) plays a crucial role in the generation of respiration. By using a combination of anatomical and physiological techniques, we characterized the bilateral connections between the pTRGs and descending projections to the motoneurons. Tracers were injected in the respiratory motoneuron pools to identify pre-motor respiratory interneurons. Retrogradely labeled cell bodies were found in the pTRG on both sides. Whole-cell recordings of the retrogradely labeled pTRG neurons showed rhythmical excitatory currents in tune with respiratory motoneuron activity. This confirmed that they were related to respiration. Intracellular labeling of individual pTRG neurons revealed axonal branches to the contralateral pTRG and bilateral projections to the respiratory motoneuronal columns. Stimulation of the pTRG induced excitatory postsynaptic potentials in ipsi- and contralateral respiratory motoneurons as well as in contralateral pTRG neurons. A lidocaine HCl (Xylocaine) injection on the midline at the rostrocaudal level of the pTRG diminished the contralateral motoneuronal EPSPs as well as a local injection of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5) on the recorded respiratory motoneuron. Our data show that neurons in the pTRG send two sets of axonal projections: one to the contralateral pTRG and another to activate respiratory motoneurons on both sides through glutamatergic synapses.

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Section: Bilateral Connectionssupporting

confidence: 78%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Bilateral connectivity in the brainstem respiratory networks of lampreys

Gariépy

Missaghi

Chartré

et al. 2012

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…Bilateral representation of the diaphragm in the primary motor areas, or a spilling over of the cortical command in lower sites such as the cervical spinal cord (26) or the medullary "respiratory-related complex" (27) would imply the persistence of some degree of response. It seems reasonable to conclude that a single leaf of the diaphragm has a contralateral, unilateral motor representation and corticospinal pathway.…”

Section: Unilaterality Of Diaphragm Motor Cortical Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impairment of central motor conduction to the diaphragm in stroke.

Similowski

Catala²,

Rancurel³

et al. 1996

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

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Respiratory complications are common in patients with stroke, but the involvement of the diaphragm in this setting is not completely understood. The purpose of this study was to assess corticodiaphragmatic pathways in patients with vascular hemiplegia. Fifteen patients were studied, nine with a capsular type of hemiplegia. Seven age-matched subjects served as the control group, and eight healthy young volunteers were studied to validate the methods by comparison with the literature. Diaphragm electromyogram was recorded bilaterally, using surface electrodes. Abductor pollicis brevis electromyogram was also recorded. After having checked the integrity of peripheral conduction, corticofugal pathways were studied using cortical magnetic stimulation, a reproducible and patient-independent stimulus. Left and right conduction times to the diaphragm were symmetrical in the control subjects, the young volunteers, and the six patients with hemiplegia but without capsular lesion (16.5 to 20.1 ms). Conversely, they were markedly asymmetrical in patients with capsular hemiplegia, diaphragm response on the plegic side being abolished or markedly delayed. Although the clinical impact of these findings remains to be determined, this study confirms that "central diaphragm paralysis" can be present in stroke. It also indicates that there is no bilateral motor representation of each hemidiaphragm.

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“…Comparative in vivo studies on adult monkeys, cats, rabbits, and rats (species with a different proportion of crossed respiratory pathways) demonstrated that apart from the obvious consequences of interrupting pathways between the source of the rhythm and motor output, special experimental conditions (hypercapnia, hypoxia, a low level of anesthesia or decerebration, electrical stimulation, respiratory-stimulant drugs) were required for desynchronized rhythm generation (Eldridge and Paydarfar 1989;Karczewski 1981, 1982;Aoki 1997, 1998;Karczewski 1984, 1990;Kubin et al 1987;Peever et al 1998). In rabbits, rats, and cats, an increase in artificial ventilation or in the level of anesthesia and other changes in experimental conditions that were inconsequential before the section resulted in the cessation of rhythm after the section Karczewski 1981, 1982;Aoki 1997, 1998;Karczewski 1984, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rabbits, rats, and cats, an increase in artificial ventilation or in the level of anesthesia and other changes in experimental conditions that were inconsequential before the section resulted in the cessation of rhythm after the section Karczewski 1981, 1982;Aoki 1997, 1998;Karczewski 1984, 1990). These observations indicate that to sustain rhythm generation, external drives need to compensate for the loss of the crossed excitatory connections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Midline section of the medulla abolishes inspiratory activity and desynchronizes pre-inspiratory neuron rhythm on both sides of the medulla in newborn rats

Onimaru

Tsuzawa

Nakazono

et al. 2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Onimaru H, Tsuzawa K, Nakazono Y, Janczewski WA. Midline section of the medulla abolishes inspiratory activity and desynchronizes pre-inspiratory neuron rhythm on both sides of the medulla in newborn rats. J Neurophysiol 113: 2871-2878, 2015. First published February 25, 2015 doi:10.1152/jn.00554.2014.-Each half of the medulla contains respiratory neurons that constitute two generators that control respiratory rhythm. One generator consists of the inspiratory neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC); the other, the pre-inspiratory (Pre-I) neurons in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG), rostral to the preBötC. We investigated the contribution of the commissural fibers, connecting the respiratory rhythm generators located on the opposite side of the medulla to the generation of respiratory activity in brain stem-spinal cord preparation from 0-to 1-day-old rats. Pre-I neuron activity and the facial nerve and/or first lumbar (L1) root activity were recorded as indicators of the pFRGdriven rhythm. Fourth cervical ventral root (C4) root and/or hypoglossal (XII) nerve activity were recorded as indicators of preBötC-driven inspiratory activity. We found that a midline section that interrupted crossed fibers rostral to the obex irreversibly eliminated C4 and XII root activity, whereas the Pre-I neurons, facial nerve, and L1 roots remained rhythmically active. The facial and contralateral L1 nerve activities were synchronous, whereas right and left facial (and right and left L1) nerves lost synchrony. Optical recordings demonstrated that pFRG-driven burst activity was preserved after a midline section, whereas the preBötC neurons were no longer rhythmic. We conclude that in newborn rats, crossed excitatory interactions (via commissural fibers) are necessary for the generation of inspiratory bursts but not for the generation of rhythmic Pre-I neuron activity.parafacial; pre-inspiratory; respiratory rhythm; pre-Bötzinger; in vitro THE PARAFACIAL RESPIRATORY group (pFRG) around the ventrolateral part of the facial motor nucleus and the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) located ventrolateral to the subcompact part of the ambiguous motor nucleus are the two generators capable of pacing respiratory rhythm. The rhythmogenic circuit of the pFRG is formed of the pre-inspiratory (Pre

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The role of neural connections crossed at the cervical level in determining rhythm and amplitude of respiration in cats and rabbits

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Bilateral connectivity in the brainstem respiratory networks of lampreys

Bilateral connectivity in the brainstem respiratory networks of lampreys

Impairment of central motor conduction to the diaphragm in stroke.

Midline section of the medulla abolishes inspiratory activity and desynchronizes pre-inspiratory neuron rhythm on both sides of the medulla in newborn rats

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