The role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: current understanding and future therapeutic targets

Abstract

Neuroinflammation refers to a highly complicated reaction of the central nervous system (CNS) to certain stimuli such as trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. This is a cellular immune response whereby glial cells are activated, inflammatory mediators are liberated and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are synthesized. Neuroinflammation is a key process that helps protect the brain from pathogens, but inappropriate, or protracted inflammation yields pathological states such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, Multiple Sclerosis, and other neurodegenerative disorders that showcase various pathways of neurodegeneration distributed in various parts of the CNS. This review reveals the major neuroinflammatory signaling pathways associated with neurodegeneration. Additionally, it explores promising therapeutic avenues, such as stem cell therapy, genetic intervention, and nanoparticles, aiming to regulate neuroinflammation and potentially impede or decelerate the advancement of these conditions. A comprehensive understanding of the intricate connection between neuroinflammation and these diseases is pivotal for the development of future treatment strategies that can alleviate the burden imposed by these devastating disorders.

A potential clue of IL-17A as a helper assist paraquat and T cell infiltration into brain parenchyma

“…Neuroimmunity response and neuroinflammation are regarded as the body's initial defense response, and long-term or excessive inflammation is the main cause of the development of various neurological diseases, especially NDs [24] . Microglia, the innate immune cells in the brain, are highly dynamic cells with multiple steady-state functions.…”

Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation and Epileptogenesis: A Systematic Review

“…Today it is known that it is one of the pathophysiological processes that is transversally involved in multiple pathologies of the CNS [2]. Its role has been shown to be very relevant in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis [3], the most paradigmatic example, but it is present in a wide variety of other diseases with special attention to neurodegenerative diseases [4,5] Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions, and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions, or products referred to in the content.…”

A Systematic Review of the Predictive and Diagnostic Uses of Neuroinflammation Biomarkers for Epileptogenesis

“…Today, it is known that neuroinflammation is one of the pathophysiological processes that is transversally involved in multiple pathologies of the CNS [2]. So, its role has been shown to be relevant in the pathogenesis of diseases such as multiple sclerosis [3], as the most paradigmatic example, but it is present in a wide variety of other diseases, with special attention to neurodegenerative diseases [4,5].…”