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The unique value of the neutron activation analysis (NAA) for analytical quality assurance is demonstrated through its contribution to the certification of the reference materials over the time span of 40 years. Ratio primary reference measurement procedures i.e. definitive methods, based on radiochemical NAA, play an important role in confirming the validity of the certified values established in the international intercomparisons. Real analytical situations where the use of NAA was critical to get accurate results are presented. The dangers associated with the possible non-availability of the NAA in the near future are indicated.
The unique value of the neutron activation analysis (NAA) for analytical quality assurance is demonstrated through its contribution to the certification of the reference materials over the time span of 40 years. Ratio primary reference measurement procedures i.e. definitive methods, based on radiochemical NAA, play an important role in confirming the validity of the certified values established in the international intercomparisons. Real analytical situations where the use of NAA was critical to get accurate results are presented. The dangers associated with the possible non-availability of the NAA in the near future are indicated.
Analytical methods and procedures yielding biased results can be effectively optimized with Information quantities like Information gain and profitability of the results. This possibility has been studied on a simple -countlng experiment. We have supposed that the differences In the height of the samples counted are the main source of a measurement bias. Both the bias and precision of such simple measurements can be calculated In a theoretical way by the program geo developed for this purpose. The program also calculates the values of information quantities like gain and profitability of the results to find the optimum conditions for various experimental arrangements such as constant counting time or counting error. The dependence of the Information gain and profitability on the measurement parameters, especially the bias and precision, shows a critical Influence of the measurement bias on the Information content of the results. Many conclusions derived for this simple case can be adopted for analytical measurements In general.
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Definition and Purpose 1.2. History 1.3. General Features 1.4. Importance and Trends 2. Requirements for Analytical Use of Radionuclides 2.1. Safety and Operational Aspects 2.2. The Labeled Substance 2.3. Activity Measurements 2.4. Choice of Radionuclide 2.5. Appraisal of Radionuclide Use in Analysis 2.5.1. Advantages 2.5.2. Disadvantages 2.5.3. Sources of Error 3. Radiotracers in Methodological Studies 3.1. Principles and Importance 3.2. Control of Sampling 3.3. Control of Contamination and Loss 3.4. Separation Procedures 3.5. Control of the Determination Stage 4. IsotopeDilution Analysis 4.1. Direct Isotope Dilution Analysis 4.2. Reverse Isotope Dilution Analysis 4.3. Derivative Isotope Dilution Analysis 4.4. Substoichiometric Isotope Dilution Analysis 4.4.1. Substoichiometric Separation by Liquid ‐ Liquid Distribution 4.4.2. Redox Substoichiometry 4.4.3. Displacement Substoichiometry 4.4.4. Applications 4.5. Sub‐ and Superequivalence Method 5. Radioreagent Methods 5.1. Simple Radioreagent Methods 5.1.1. Determination with Labeled Reagents 5.1.2. Determination with Labeled Analyte 5.1.3. Determination with Labeled Competing Substances 5.2. Method of Concentration‐Dependent Distribution 5.3. Isotope Exchange Methods 5.4. Radioimmunoassay 5.5. Radiorelease Methods 5.5.1. Radioactive Kryptonates 5.5.2. Radioactive Metals 5.5.3. Radioactive Salts and other Radioactive Substances 5.6. Radiometric Titration
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