The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Peripheral Nervous System

Martin, William J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57077-3_13

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 235 publications

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“…Again, further work would be required to determine the validity of this possibility. Nonetheless, given the potency of the a-adrenoceptor antagonists, it seems clear that the major contractile transmitter is noradrenaline Over recent years, several smooth muscle tissues within the male genital tract (including the corpus cavernosum, anococcygeus and penile artery) have been shown to receive an inhibitory innervation that utilises nitric oxide as a transmitter (Rand & Li, 1995;Martin, 2000). However, no evidence was obtained in the present study for such a nitrergic innervation, or indeed for any other type of inhibitory innervation, of the rat dartos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over recent years, several smooth muscle tissues within the male genital tract (including the corpus cavernosum, anococcygeus and penile artery) have been shown to receive an inhibitory innervation that utilises nitric oxide as a transmitter (Rand & Li, 1995; Martin, 2000). However, no evidence was obtained in the present study for such a nitrergic innervation, or indeed for any other type of inhibitory innervation, of the rat dartos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacology and thermosensitivity of the dartos muscle isolated from rat scrotum

Gibson

Akinrinsola

Patel

et al. 2002

British J Pharmacology

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1 The dartos is a thin sheet of smooth muscle closely associated with the skin of the scrotum. Although known to play an important role in scrotal thermoregulation, there has been no detailed study into the pharmacology, or thermosensitivity, of the dartos from any species. Here, we investigate these two parameters in the isolated dartos muscle from rat. 2 Field stimulation of the rat dartos caused contractions that were abolished by tetrodotoxin, phentolamine and guanethidine, but una ected by atropine or L-N G -nitroarginine. Exogenous noradrenaline also produced contractions blocked by both phentolamine and prazosin. In muscles with raised tone and negated sympathetic function, ®eld stimulation failed to elicit relaxation. The dartos muscle did not contract in response to carbachol, nicotine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (all up to 100 mM) or substance P (up to 1 mM). 3 Contractile responses to ®eld stimulation and noradrenaline were much greater at 308C compared with 408C; indeed, contractions to 1 mM noradrenaline at 308C were relaxed by around 80% on heating to 408C. Similar heat-induced relaxations were observed during contractions to both U46619 (100 nM) and high K (70 mM). 4 In contrast, contractile responses to the myosin phosphatase inhibitor calyculin-A (1 mM), either in the presence or absence of external calcium, were resistant to relaxation by heating. In calciumfree medium at 308C, U46619 continued to produce contractions that were again relaxed by 80% on heating to 408C. However, in the presence of calyculin-A, this heat-induced relaxation was greatly reduced. 5 Thus, the rat dartos muscle receives a functional sympathetic innervation and contracts to noradrenaline via a-adrenoceptors. There is no functional inhibitory innervation. Experiments with calyculin-A suggest that myosin phosphatase is a major contributor to the marked thermosensitivity of the dartos muscle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacology and thermosensitivity of the dartos muscle isolated from rat scrotum

Gibson

Akinrinsola

Patel

et al. 2002

British J Pharmacology

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“…The classification of apoptosis has been historically determined by morphological criteria. In neurons, at least four types of cell death have been described (Martin and Johnson 1991), but to date there are limited data on the morphology at both the LM and EM levels. The biochemical detection of DNA fragmentation in association with morphological data enables the researcher to be specific in terms of cell death, and this is particularly important in the neuronal systems and when the classic morphology of apoptosis may not be obvious.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Fragmented DNA in Apoptotic Cells Embedded in LR White: A Combined Histochemical (LM) and Ultrastructural (EM) Study

Goping

Wood

Sei

et al. 1999

J Histochem Cytochem.

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SUMMARYWe developed an improved method for the detection of double-strand DNA breaks in apoptotic cells at both the light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) levels using a modification of the TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUTP nick endlabeling (TUNEL) technique. Cultured rat cerebellar granule cells were exposed to low potassium conditions to induce apoptosis. Twenty-four hr after treatment, one group of cells was fixed in situ with 4% paraformaldehyde and labeled for DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis. Apoptotic cells were visualized with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and viewed by LM. The second group of cells was detached from the culture dish, pelleted, fixed with a 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde mixture, and embedded in LR White. For LM, the modified TUNEL technique was performed on 1.5-m LR White sections and apoptotic cells were visualized using an enzymatic reaction to generate a blue precipitate. For EM, thin sections (94 nm) were processed and DNA fragmentation was identified using modified TUNEL with streptavidin-conjugated gold in conjunction with in-depth ultrastructural detail. Alternate sections of cells embedded in LR White can therefore be used for LM and EM TUNEL-based detection of apoptosis. The present findings suggest that the modified TUNEL technique on LR White semithin and consecutive thin sections has useful application for studying the fundamental mechanism of cell death.

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“…We previously proposed nitric oxide (NO) as an inhibitory non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitter in the canine ileocolonic junction and rat gastric fundus ( Boeckxstaens et al ., 1990 ; 1991 ). Although nitric oxide plays an important role in the peripheral nervous system (for review see Rand & Li, 1995 ; Martin, 2000 ), the actual nature of the nitrergic neurotransmitter has remained a matter of debate. Similar to the endothelium derived relaxing factor in the vascular system, the study on the nature of the nitrergic neurotransmitter showed that some compounds failed to affect responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation while responses to exogenous NO were blocked (for reviews see: Gibson et al ., 1995 ; Martin, 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre‐ and postjunctional protective effect of neocuproine on the nitrergic neurotransmitter in the mouse gastric fundus

Man

Moreels

Winter

et al. 2001

British J Pharmacology

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1 Electrical ®eld stimulation (EFS) of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves of the mouse gastric fundus induced frequency-dependent transient relaxations which were mimicked by nitric oxide (NO), added as acidi®ed NaNO 2 . The NO donors S-nitrosocysteine, S-nitrosoglutathione, SIN-1 and hydroxylamine induced sustained concentration-dependent relaxations. The NO synthase blocker Lnitro arginine (L-NOARG; 300 mM) abolished the relaxations to EFS without a ecting the relaxations to NO. 2 The copper(I) chelator neocuproine (10 mM) enhanced the relaxations to EFS and NO but inhibited those to S-nitrosocysteine and S-nitrosoglutathione. Neocuproine potentiated the relaxations to SIN-1, which releases NO extracellularly, without a ecting the relaxations to hydroxylamine, which releases NO intracellularly. 3 The potentiating e ect of neocuproine on the relaxations to EFS was more pronounced after inhibition of catalase with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (1 mM) but not after inhibition of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) with diethyl dithiocarbamic acid (DETCA, 1 mM). The potentiating e ect of neocuproine on relaxations to NO was not altered by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole or DETCA treatment. 4 The relaxations to EFS were signi®cantly inhibited by the oxidants hydrogen peroxide (70 mM) and duroquinone (10 mM) but only after inhibition of catalase with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole or after inhibition of Cu/ZnSOD with DETCA respectively. 5 Our results suggest that neocuproine can act as an antioxidant in the mouse gastric fundus and that both catalase and Cu/ZnSOD protect the nitrergic neurotransmitter from oxidative breakdown. Since inhibition of catalase but not inhibition of Cu/ZnSOD potentiated the e ect of neocuproine on relaxations to EFS without a ecting the relaxations to NO, catalase may protect the nitrergic neurotransmitter mainly at a prejunctional site whereas Cu/ZnSOD protects at a postjunctional site.

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The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Peripheral Nervous System

Cited by 4 publications

References 235 publications

Pharmacology and thermosensitivity of the dartos muscle isolated from rat scrotum

Pharmacology and thermosensitivity of the dartos muscle isolated from rat scrotum

Detection of Fragmented DNA in Apoptotic Cells Embedded in LR White: A Combined Histochemical (LM) and Ultrastructural (EM) Study

Pre‐ and postjunctional protective effect of neocuproine on the nitrergic neurotransmitter in the mouse gastric fundus

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