The Role of NO and NO<sub>2</sub> in the Chemistry of the Troposphere and Stratosphere

Crutzen, Paul J.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.07.050179.002303

Cited by 894 publications

(516 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Details of the chemical reactions involving the components of NO y are complex. One can generalize, however, by stating that a considerable fraction of the reactive photochemistry that occurs is dependent on the presence of nitrogen oxides -emitted in the form of NO, oxidized to NO 2 , and subsequently converted to a variety of inorganic and organic nitrates (Crutzen 1979;Trainer et al 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a tropical wet forest: implications for tropospheric chemistry

et al. 2001

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Tropical forest soils are known to emit large amounts of reactive nitrogen oxide compounds, often referred to collectively as NO y (NO y = NO + NO 2 + HNO 3 + organic nitrates). Plants are known to assimilate and emit NO y and it is therefore likely that plant canopies affect the atmospheric concentration of reactive nitrogen compounds by assimilating or emitting some fraction of the soil-emitted NO y . It is crucial to understand the magnitude of the canopy effects and the primary environmental and physiological controls over NO y exchange in order to accurately quantify regional NO y inventories and parameterize models of tropospheric photochemistry. In this study we focused on nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), which is the component of NO y that most directly catalyzes the chemistry of O 3 dynamics, one of the most abundant oxidative species in the troposphere, and which has been reported as the NO y species that is most readily exchanged between plants and the atmosphere. Leaf chamber measurements of NO 2 flux were measured in 25 tree species growing in a wet tropical forest in the Republic of Panama. NO 2 was emitted to the atmosphere at ambient NO 2 concentrations below 0.53-1.60 ppbv (the NO 2 compensation point) depending on species, with the highest rate of emission being 50 pmol m -2 s -1 at <0.1 ppbv. NO 2 was assimilated by leaves at ambient NO 2 concentrations above the compensation point, with the maximum observed uptake rate being 1,550 pmol m -2 s -1 at 5 ppbv. No seasonal variation in leaf NO 2 flux was observed in this study and leaf emission and uptake appeared to be primarily controlled by leaf nitrogen and stomatal conductance, respectively. When scaled to the entire canopy, soil NO emission rates to the atmosphere were estimated to be maximally altered ±19% by the overlying canopy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a tropical wet forest: implications for tropospheric chemistry

et al. 2001

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“…Nitric oxide (NO) is a precursor to nitric acid and plays a central role in photochemical reactions which regulate levels of tropospheric ozone (03) [Crutzen, 1979[Crutzen, , 1981. Because tropospheric NO tends to limit rates of O3-forming reactions in rural areas, soil emissions have the potential to significantly impact local 0 3 levels [Stohl et al, 1996].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric and nitrous oxide emissions following fertilizer application to agricultural soil: Biotic and abiotic mechanisms and kinetics

Venterea¹,

Rolston²

2000

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. Emissions of nitric and nitrous oxide (NO and N20 ) from agricultural soils may have several consequences, including impacts on local tropospheric and global stratospheric chemistry. Elevated NO and N:O emissions following application of anhydrous ammonia to an agricultural field in California were driven by the biological generation of nitrite (NO:-) and subsequent abiotic decomposition of nitrous acid (HNO:).

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“…The C3-C4 and overall organic richness of the photochemical milieu suggest that novel NOx transport mechanisms may be at work. It is recognized that peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) type substances and organic nitrates can carry NOx over great distances [Crutzen, 1979;Singh and Hanst, 1981;Atherton andPenner, 1988, 1990;Atherton, 1989]. In some cases, thermal lability is an issue, and movement is most important in cold climates [Singh and Hanst, 1981].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To better quantify their role in the global tropospheric ozone system, measurement of LPG component signatures will be required in many urban settings. We also outline relationships between regional dispersion of the C3 and C4 alkanes and transport of the nitrogen oxides in organic forms [Crutzen, 1979 Table 1 sales that leakage falls between 1 and 10%, which seems intuitively reasonable. Large scale n-butane measurements sets are also available [Singh et al, 1988;Rudolph, 1988].…”

mentioning

confidence: 81%

Ventilation of liquefied petroleum gas components from the Valley of Mexico

Elliott¹,

Blake²,

Rowland³

et al. 1997

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. The saturated hydrocarbons propane and the butane isomers are both indirect greenhouse gases and key species in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Leakage of LPG and its component alkanes/alkenes is now thought to explain a significant fraction of the volatile organic burden and oxidative potential in the basin which confines Mexico City. Propane and the butanes, however, are stable enough to escape from the basin. The gas chromatographic measurements which have drawn attention to their sources within the urban area are used here to estimate rates of ventilation into the free troposphere. The calculations are centered on several well studied February/March pollution episodes. Carbon monoxide observations and emissions data are first exploited to provide a rough time constant for the removal of typical inert pollutant species from the valley. The timescale obtained is validated through an examination of meteorological simulations of three-dimensional flow. Heuristic arguments and transport modeling establish that propane and the butanes are distributed through the basin in a manner analogous to CO despite differing emissions functions. Ventilation rates and mass loadings yield outbound fluxes in a box model type computation. Estimated in this fashion, escape from the Valley of Mexico constitutes of the order of half of 1% of the northern hemispheric inputs for both propane and n-butane. Uncertainties in the calculations are detailed and include factors such as flow into the basin via surface winds and the size of the polluted regime. General quantification of the global propane and butane emissions from large cities will entail studies of this type in a variety of locales. In the discussion section the arguments connecting carbon monoxide and alkane fluxes from the valley are formalized through modeling. Simple one-dimensional simulations of the ventilation process are constructed, and limited application is made of some three-dimensional photochemistry/transport codes at our disposal. We deal qualitatively with the potential for surface winds to import the tracers of interest. Other major uncertainties in the analysis are then listed. Sources of error include our definition of the basin and urban periphery, the average height of the low nocturnal inversion, and alkane distributions. We conclude with some comments on the global ramifications of our findings. By our calculations, Mexico City in and of itself constitutes a significant source of the C3 and C4 alkanes to the terrestrial atmosphere. Recent sampling suggests that many other nondomestic (non-United States) urban areas contribute propane and the butanes through LPG leakage. We note that megacities with pollutant characteristics akin to those of Mexico are developing rapidly worldwide [United Nations, 1992;Kretzschmar, 1993Kretzschmar, , 1994Goldemberg, 1995]. To better quantify their role in the global tropospheric ozone system, measurement of LPG component signatures will be required in many urban settings. We also outline relationships between ...

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The Role of NO and NO₂ in the Chemistry of the Troposphere and Stratosphere

Cited by 894 publications

References 62 publications

Leaf uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a tropical wet forest: implications for tropospheric chemistry

Leaf uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a tropical wet forest: implications for tropospheric chemistry

Nitric and nitrous oxide emissions following fertilizer application to agricultural soil: Biotic and abiotic mechanisms and kinetics

Ventilation of liquefied petroleum gas components from the Valley of Mexico

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The Role of NO and NO2 in the Chemistry of the Troposphere and Stratosphere

Cited by 894 publications

References 62 publications

Leaf uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a tropical wet forest: implications for tropospheric chemistry

Leaf uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a tropical wet forest: implications for tropospheric chemistry

Nitric and nitrous oxide emissions following fertilizer application to agricultural soil: Biotic and abiotic mechanisms and kinetics

Ventilation of liquefied petroleum gas components from the Valley of Mexico

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Product

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The Role of NO and NO₂ in the Chemistry of the Troposphere and Stratosphere