“…Orthographic effects have also been found for L2 learners. There is a growing body of literature revealing an effect of orthography in the learning of L2 phonemes (Bassetti, 2017;Escudero, Hayes-harb, & Mitterer, 2008;Escudero, Simon, & Mulak, 2014;Hayes-Harb, Brown, & Smith, 2018;Hayes-Harb, Nicol, & Barker, 2010;Mitterer, 2021) as well as in processing of L2 sounds (Escudero et al, 2008;Escudero & Wanrooij, 2010;Han, Kim, & Choi, 2020;Hayes-Harb et al, 2018). For example, Bartolotti, Daniel, and Marian (2013) showed activation of orthographically similar L1 English words during the processing of L2 spoken novel artificial language words.…”