Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes joint pain, swelling, and loss of function. Development of effective new drugs has proven challenging, in part because of the complexities and interconnected nature of intracellular signaling networks, which complicate the effects of pharmacological interventions. Here, we characterized the signaling pathways that are activated in RA and evaluated the multivariate effects of targeted inhibitors. Synovial fluids from RA patients activated the kinase signaling pathways JAK, JNK, p38, and MEK in synovial fibroblasts (SFs), a stromal cell type that promotes RA progression. Kinase inhibitors enhanced signaling of âoff-targetâ pathways in a manner dependent on stimulatory context. For example, p38 inhibitors, which have been widely explored in clinical trials for RA, resulted in undesirable increases in nuclear factor ÎşB (NFÎşB), JNK, and MEK signaling in SFs in inflammatory, but not mitogenic, contexts. CREB, a transcription factor that functions in part within a negative feedback loop in MAPK signaling, emerged as a key regulator of this context-dependence. CREB activation was induced predominately by p38 in response to inflammatory stimuli but by MEK in response to mitogenic stimuli; the effects of drugs targeting p38 or MEK were therefore markedly different in SFs cultured in mitogenic or inflammatory conditions. Together these findings illustrate how stimulatory context can alter pathway cross-talk even for a fixed network topology, suggest cross-talk by p38 in inflammatory contexts limited the benefit of p38 inhibitors in RA, and furthermore demonstrate the need for careful consideration of p38-targeted drugs in inflammation-related disorders.